Highland Clothes - a Medieval Tartan Fashion Article

subalpine Clothes - a Medieval Tartan work - Article ExampleEnglish society constantly criticized and ridiculed the tartan and the 1746 Act allowed only military military group serving King George II to wear what was termed, highland clothes. Gaelic for a blanket, plaid denotes a emblem of garment while tartan refers to the actual fabric of the garment. The Act of Parliament on the part of the British hoped to make the Scottish people become more subservient and the law wanted to abolish the contrast of appearance between the Highlanders and the other inhabitants ( Coltman, p183). Penalties were extremely harsh for those in violation, including six months imprisonment for a first offense though it is thought they were often not enforced. Because of this Act, plaid became a highland political currency. wearying of the plaid and tartan was a clear protest against the British and used by the military. When the Act was repealed in 1782 the tartan had already gained the reputation as forbidden and became a romantic and desired symbol for the Highland Scotts.It was suggested that tartan plaid was distinctively Roman, using folds of fabric in a toga- standardized representation much like the warring Romans wore. Though some would believe the tartan and plaid a current fad in the 1700s, the archeologist has actually shown that Celts were weaving plaid for at least three mebibyte years, using bright colors and intricate patterns, unlike their Egyptian counterparts, who used fabrics of white linen. Though at that place is no written record of the early Celts there is much archeological evidence.There are many sources in Scotland that are used as fictitious character in the creation of tartans, each lending a contrary coarseness and texture with some being very exclusive and others much more common. The blackface sheep is one of the hardiest in Scotland and the Cheviot sheep is a Scottish border breed found in the hilly countryside. More exotic fiber sources i nclude Soay sheep, Afghan Hounds, and the Muskox. Weavers have been known to make use of any fiber source available, compress only by their own ability and creativity.

Globalization College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization College - Essay ExampleStill, globalization transforms natural environment and cultural spheres of wholly countries brining new nemesiss and financial capitals. There are different views and understandings of the problem of global warming, its significance and threat for the nation (Friedman, 2000). The progress of globalization increases environmental degradation and extension of wild life. Improved transportation facilities and immigration take to occupation of new territories and lands. The world has yet to face a more important environmental policy decision than that to be made about controlling greenhouse-gas emissions. Striking a balance between the implied threat and those immense costs is an imposing challenge. The relationship between pollution and global warming is a mingled one (Bengtsson and Saito 2003).The progress of globalization leads to technology ex throw and increased production. The result is increased pollution in all geographical areas of the world. Assessments of the impacts of global climate change are frequently based on estimates of biophysical changes, oddly potential changes in agricultural yields and irrigate resources. The direct approach traces the impact of a specific change in a physical input variable (such as temperature) on yields or biomass, and then, through a series of steps, to impacts on economy and society. This type of assessment relies on (and is often limited to) physical models of the climate, water balance, and vegetation growth. The main problem is that this policy would deepen economic differences between the countries and worsens the situation in underdeveloped countries. Concerns over the ramifications of the flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol remain, little developed countries have become slight incredulous and more receptive as the structure of the mechanisms evolves and as understanding of the mechanisms and their potential benefits to less developed countries becomes c learer. The asterisk concern appears to revolve around the possible imposition of emissions targets or other additional obligations on less developed countries. Meanwhile, less developed countries called for unremitting efforts to combat climate change by adhering to the established principles and goals, and implied that less developed countries would welcome an agreement on the implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms. The central piece of the Kyoto Protocol is, of course, its legally hold fast emission commitments for Annex I Parties which, assuming compliance, will together lead to a reduction in emissions from 1990 levels for that group of parties of around 5.2 per cent (Wade et al 2006). The worldwide publicity that proposed carbon taxes are drawing merits round special attention. From at least one standpoint, a tax strategy in the climate scope is easier to defend than taxes in the more familiar contexts of domestic water or air basin pollution. As we saw, in those situation s taxes were complicated by the fact that damage from the same chemical agent can sidetrack considerably, depending on the point of release-whether upwind or upstream of a large population center, for example.

Lobster Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lobster - Annotated Bibliography Exampleking such an in-depth and a wide consideration of resolution alternatives, the informant addresses the questions one would ask about lobster in every day diet. The work is representative of diverse wellness related opinions which isolate lobster consumption as central in the human effort to achieve sustainable physical health.The subject under discussion highlights the increasing popularity of lobster. The festivals organized to entertain phaetons emphasizes the role of this creature. In this respect, the school text edition is relevant to the topic under discussion as it highlights the nutritional significance of lobster.The criticism that can be directed towards this text concerns the central theme of the debate which emphasizes the injustice done to this animal through boil and overcrowding. It is therefore important to underscore the slight deviation of the text from the theme of the present campaign. However, in general, the former co ntributes to the topic by highlighting the place of lobster in most important nutrients list that may unblock its boiling.Flynn gives an assertive view point on the overwhelming irresponsibility of humanity towards nature. At the center of this texts discussion is the need to care for animals. The history of Maine lobster festival is criticized in respect of selfish tourist interest at the expense of the creature. It can therefore be observed that the generator emphasizes the need to see lobster boiling and the height of mistreatment they are exposed to. Animal cruelty is exemplified by lobster boiling and this is where the author comes in to give deeper explanation. Exploring the sociological perspective of animal cruelty is a sensitive debate as the author notes and serves as a pointer to abdication of duty towards nature.The relevance of this text seems so open in regard to the debate on cruel treatment of lobster. Besides, lobster is just one among the other aspects of nature that has been little taken care of by man. The title of

SPORT DEVELOPMENT IN THE COMMUNITY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SPORT DEVELOPMENT IN THE COMMUNITY - Assignment ExampleIn addition, corporeal activities help to encourage the youth and the disabled to attend school as it gives them something to look up to thus, increment the rate of school attendance in the community (Smith and Waddington 2004). The disabled, elderly, pre and postnatal are the greatest beneficiary of somatogenetic activities as physical activities enhances their social life, technical skills and communication skills thus, help to keep these group of people in line with the community. Hence, physical activities directly affect the community, as it is the main form of ensuring the continuity of the community, society breeding and regeneration (Stormann 1996).Physical activity is a branch of physical education since it has trainers and professional instructors who teach and commotion instructions as a formal education. Physical activity is for people who need adaptation to take part in physical activities. Adaptation is resea rch and practices that serve people of all ages who do not demoralise good services offered by sport sciences and are disadvantaged in accessing opportunities provided by physical activities (Stormann 1996). It extends beyond disabled people and includes the aged, young and obese individuals, among other categories. Adaptation is provided in terms of appropriately modified and designed sport equipment( for example prosthesis and wheelchairs), using a different skill of instructions, modified labour criteria , nonverbal instructions and increasing or decreasing court dimensions (Vail 1992). It is all about matching individualized interests and strengths with the appropriate activities, to promote participation in physical activities. This is regardless of the population engaged in the physical activity.Leisure World Colchester is a physical activity centre, which serves the local community, students and members of

Plasmodium Falciparum - Causative Agent of Severe Malaria Research Paper

malaria sponge Falciparum - actuating(prenominal) Agent of Severe Malaria - Research Paper ExampleEven in todays medically advanced world, malaria remains one of the primary concerns of searchers and health practitioners in beas where the disease is endemic. Despite immense research and availability of advanced healthcare facilities, malaria has a high mortality rate causing a one thousand million deaths each year and infecting a total of 300 million people around the world. The purpose of this research paper is to provide in motleyation on structure, aetiology and other aspects of malaria sourced by Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium Falciparum expressive style of transmission The egg-producing(prenominal) Anopheles mosquito serves as a vector and a definitive host for Plasmodium falciparum. The two phases of the lifecycle of plasmodia are the sexual cycle and neuter cycle. The sexual phase occurs in pistillate mosquito and asexual phase is completed in Humans. Due to the production of sporozoites, the sexual cycle is known as sporogony objet dart on the other hand, the asexual cycle is known as schizogony because of the production of schizonts. Plasmodium sporozoites are introduced into mediocre host i.e. humans, through the saliva of the infected mosquito when it bites an individual. Within 30 minutes, the sporozoites enter the hepatocytes where multiplication and differentiation are initiated resulting in the conversion sporozoites into merozoites (Levinson et al 1999). Physiology and lifecycle The merozoites produced in the liver are let outd into the peripheral circulation. Once released, the merozoites enter the rubor blood cells in order to mediate the erythrocytic phase of the disease. In erythrocytic phase, merozoites transform into a ring shape trophozoite. Later, the trophozoite develops into an amoeboid form which further grows into a schizont. Each schizont is filled with several merozoites. The red blood cells interrupt and releas e the merozoites into general circulation where they infect other red blood cells in a similar manner. The release of merozoites into the blood is the cause of recurrent typical symptoms seen in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The development of male and female gametocytes leads to the initiation of a sexual cycle of P. falciparum in the human red blood cells. When a female Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal the gametocytes are sucked up and lead to the production of female macrogamete and octad male microgametes which have an appearance similar to that of sperm cells. The male and female gametes chthoniango fertilization to form a diploid zygote. The process of differentiation occurs and converts the diploid zygote into a motile ookinete. The ookinete forms a stack in the gut wall and converts into many haploid sporozoites. The sporozoites leave the gut wall and enter the salivary glands of the Anopheles mosquito. Once, the sporozoites enter the salivary glands their sexual cycle is completed and they are now ready to cause malaria when the mosquito bites a human (Levinson et al 1999). Diagnosis Thick and thin Giemsa stain posts are observed under the microscope in order to determine the presence of the parasite in the blood. To determine the presence of the parasite, thick Giemsa smear is used while on the other hand thin smears are used for the identification of parasite species. The blood sample from an individual suffering from malaria show characteristic ring shaped trophozoites residing within the erythrocytes.

ICT in ELT (English Language Teaching) Research Paper

ICT in ELT (English Language Teaching) - interrogation Paper Examples therefore become expedient to note that the effective teaching and information of English has gone beyond the stereotypical to regimented/tradition of mere classroom teaching because of the maturatement of various gadgets in information and communication technology (Viatonu, Kayode 20001).In the 21st century, majority of people, be they students, researchers or teachers, ar making use of the computer and internet to search for information, to chat or to play games. Teachers are decent the greatest beneficiaries of digital media as far as bringing the world into the classroom is concerned and using authentic resource materials.ICT is being used to provide curriculum tasks and activities that challenge students this extends to gifted and skilful students. It helps them work to a higher level than they otherwise might, for instance, they can access not only the drill library books but also academic treatises ( Galloway, 200726).Galloway also established that ICT is beneficial to students in several ways. in that location is the potential to present information in multiple formats, speech and image, with software such as penning with Symbols. With ICT, activities can be repeated endlessly and identically as students learn the practical nuances of English pronunciation (Galloway, 200726).ICT in ELT has also achieved its status as far as translation is concerned. Web-based instant translations are accessible to and from English and at least nine other languages. Because of the multimedia presentational possibilities and the activities now available, the curriculum is becoming deeper and more enriched by new technology, creating engaging and motivating learning experiences for all students regardless of their needs and abilities (Galloway, 200726).thither are invaluable pedagogical gains in the use of ICT. This has also contributed to the status of ICT. Teachers are able to develop an eff ective learning platform. With such a platform, teachers are able to create

Sexual Offenders and Predators Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sexual Offenders and Predators - Term Paper ExampleThis paper will abide statistical discipline in the hope to empirically determine whether reporting requirements influence the recidivating behavior of a convicted sex offender or predator. Specifically, this paper will study recidivism rates among registered sex offenders afterward produce from incarceration or from any forms of legal punishment in two different call downs 1.) State of California, which operate amended registration and notification requirements in 2002 2.) State of Alaska, which appended new reporting requirements in 2009.The rape and transfer of seven year old Megan Kanka by a two-time convicted sex offender Jesse Timmendequas in 1994 spawned the Megans Law in 1996. Though Megans Law varies from state to state, it only has one general goal anyway to notify communities when a sex offender resides within their location and to provide them necessary information about the offender (Larson, 2003). Like Megans La w, Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act (named after Jacob Wetterling who was murdered when he was eleven) also requires sex offenders to register. The Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act aided the effort of creating a national database to track down sexual offenders (Megans Law, registered, n.d.). Now, the information can be accessed among states.Though registration and notification laws do not serve as a further castigation, they were neer offender-friendly. Lawmakers go to argue that the personal interests and privacy of the sex offenders are just the least of the governments concern compared to the general safety (Megans Law, registered, n.d.). Furthermore, information withheld and disclosed is up to the good judgment of the state government (Klaas, 2008).There are only two major ends to these laws to deter sex offenders to re-offend and to promote humans safety. Offenders

Supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Supply chain - Essay Example(2003) posit to the effect that there ar umteen benefits that can be derived from outsourcing logistics operations in large companies such as cost savings, increased character as well as enabling the organization to concentrate on its core business. There argon high chances that an organization would save costs from implementing this strategy since it pass on be in a perplex to employ a reasonable number of workers to perform the work related to logistics operations. The suppliers can charge relatively low prices for performing the tasks related to logistics operations. The suppliers also have special equipment and transport that can be apply to perform various tasks related to supply and logistics in the operations of the company.The other benefit is that the company will be in a better position to concentrate on its core business with outsourcing activities such as supply and logistics to other third parties. This improves its efficiency as well since it will focalise on its main business. The company also stands better chances to enjoy increased quality of products and services it offers with hiring people with knowledge and experience in performing the task. Specialised and experienced people are belike to be hired to perform that tasks related to supply and this is beneficial to the company.However, there are certain risks that are likely to be encountered if a company outsources its logistics operations to a third party. There is likely to be loss of knowledge experienced in the company since all tasks related to logistics and supply will be done by an outsider leaving little room for the employees to gain knowledge about logistic operations in their own company. This may also lead to low employee morale since they will be expect to be followers in the company. The other risk likely to be encountered is related to the diorama of quality. Quality can be compromised if the suppliers do not have quality equipment to ex ecute the tasks they would be expected to

Origins of American Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Origins of the Statesn Civilizations - Essay ExampleDouglas (2010) gives a narration of how the American society rejected the British chemical formula they formed social groups of like-minded citizens and began via demonstrations. The associations egression degenerated into militia groups fighting the British Army. It was strengthened by alliances with the French, Spaniards, and the Dutch. The contend came to an end towards the south under familiar Washington opening doors for a peace agreement between the opposing factions of the American Revolt. The peace treaty was a platform designed to enable nation minded citizens to define the America constitution and governance. The governmental shape up that occurred in America made them stronger. It was a new beginning, a new America (Douglas).The persons who fought British rule included the patriots. Contrary to the oppression, British army and the loyalists within the American borders became the battle force. The war between the two factions defines the outfit taken by the American journey to freedom. The war was record to put one across lasted between the years 1775-1783. Whereas the war started in 1775, protests were witnessed as early as 1774.Patriotic groups, as recorded by Dull (1975), were designed to work in sync and conglomerate their energy towards rescuing America from British rule. The pioneer group documented among the majority of the social groups was the Suffolk Resolves. They had a strong force that managed to outplay the British royal government that led the Massachusetts borders. The activism that was organized by the group successfully confined the British rules to the city of Boston. The other nation dwellers must have had a jerk on their spirits from the Suffolk move. American Revolution evidently rode in groups of loyalists who took a bold move to outsmart and force the British rule one at a time (Dull).An incidence was witnessed in

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Annotated bibliography - Essay sample2008-01-2489Shannon Mayer, in the article The Sport-Utility Vehicle, she Debates on a Fuel-Economy Standards in Thermodynamics, declaring that the world of the 21st century will problems because of the increasingly population growth in this world and that in so as to confront these problems we require engineers who argon critically analyzers who can think further as well as knowing the technical principles of their fields. In her format it shows that there was course participated by student where they were debating about efficiency of open fire and standard of fuel-economy. The experimental format of the article begins by giving background information to the student followed by data, then the in-class discussion, and finally the results.The authors obvious purpose was to demonstrate a particular group of students on fuel economy standards of Sport Utility Vehicles in agreement with societal relevant matter in growing of their technical profic iency in thermodynamics. The required audience is most possibility individuals who are mechanical engineers, in particular to those who concentrate in thermodynamics.Mayers article connect to my topic as it is an enlightening course for students in informing them on how to be environmentally steady is very important. It associate to a little of the other(a) articles (Diesel Engines and Racing Green) in the sense that they are all talking of efficiency in either ways. From a thermodynamic point of view, they are attempting in finding the finest ratio of engine output vs. engine input, part there are still figures like friction, loss of heat, and incomplete combustion of gases that reduces the attainable efficiency.the article starts that The issue of automobile fuel economy profit from a awareness with thermodynamics. Particularly heat engines, hence is adoptable to a wide

EMOHRUO (Airspace Management and Air Traffic Services) Essay

EMOHRUO (Airspace Management and Air Traffic Services) - Essay ExampleThis radical will delineate the major issues associated with the air space management and air transaction services unavoidable for Emohruo. audience will continuously be made to the map of Emohruo which is displayed below for reference.Within the scope of future airspace management and air traffic services Emohruo will emerge as an island nation with multiple roles. assumption that Emohruo sits at the cross roads of outside(a) traffic, it is highly likely that the nation will see international traffic in the shape of connecting flights from all directions. More everywhere the prospect of LVI developing into a manoeuvre den is very real and will present a lot of international and regional phaeton traffic. The air traffic will also be augmented by needs of the mining effort as well as the fishing industry along with the ski resort SKI to the northmost east.On the new(prenominal) hand, domestic traffic will m ost likely flow along the east coast and to the mid western town of MP4. Constant movement will be required amid LVI, the mining towns, the fishing industry, SKI and the cities of BP 1, 2 and 3 as well as MP4 in determine to provide goods and services. This will represent the domestic air traffic load.An opposite set of air traffic is presented by military needs especially in wake of the recent civil war and whilst required this component of air traffic will have to be kept isolated from all other forms of traffic for strategic reasons. The current location of the military exercise areas (refer to Figure bingle above) is isolated from cities and other commercial functions and should be maintained as such. Consequently commercial air traffic from the west over the military zone will be forbidden and should be designated as a no navigate zone. The military setup could also be removed and moved further down south scarce above MP4 such that traffic towards LVI will not interfere w ith it but this presents two problems. One there may

Business ethics in promotion of alcohol based products Essay

military control ethics in promotion of alcohol found products - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that the age of globalization has virtually put organizations into head on competition against to each one other. Firms atomic number 18 trying to outpace each other using a mix of different strategies and varying products to understand the needs of the consumers and deliver them accordingly. Firms atomic number 18 essentially trying out various strategies in order to not only attract impudently consumers but to also retain the existing ones. The role of selling communication and advertising assumes prime grandness in this regard with the former being a media for transmitting the message from the companies to the target customers. The advent of six-fold channels including the online channels has led to greater importance and scope of this construction in marketing of goods and services. The aspect of marketing communications has however been a subject matter of debate with regards to the aspect of ethics in advertising. It has been submitd that marketers in an attempt to outpace their competitors and to generate greater attractiveness often indulge in unethical activities. The present study would analyse the ethical aspects that are into consideration in case of marketing of alcohol based products. The aspect of ethics in case of alcohol based products assumes considerable importation as the product is perceived as a threat for the health and there are various social stigmas attached to alcohol based products. This makes the promotion of these products a matter of debate. There are some nations like India that redeem completely banned whatsoever form of promotions with regards to alcohol or tobacco based products using any form of communication. However protagonist state that there is nothing unethical in marketing alcohol based products as they generate revenue and the livelihoods of a large number of individuals enumerate on the profitability of these companies. They argue that these are one of the most highly taxed products and hence it is nothing unethical about these companies unless they violate the aspect privacy of individuals. Business organization on their part state that they have various community development programs that can help provide them with a socially responsible image. Companies are also putting up statutory warnings on products and commercials in order to make individuals aware of the sorrow effects of drinking. Critiques however slam this move and state that in spite of all such efforts and tall-growing claims the business organizations are only engaged into profit making and do not have any other motive. Given the size of this industry they state that it has a lucrative opportunity to gain billions of dollars for the industry. They state that advertisements are normally made for promoting products among the customers and given the ill effects and the nature of soaker beverages it is not confirm to have these products being promoted so as to pull customers and make them indulge into this habit. The effect of these commercials on students and kids on with the growing number of use of alcohol among kids has also been stated as an example to showcase the unethical aspects in the promotion of alcohol based products. The present essay will try to give a critical analysis of the aspect of ethics in promotion of alcohol based products so as to have a comprehensive analysis of the topic. Analysis and Discussion The aspect of marketing and advertising of alcoholic products has been a subject matter of debate over the years. The issue amounts significance considering the fact that alcohol is considered detrimental to health and worldwide organizations like WHO have effectively stated that alcohol consumption is injurious to health. intoxicant also has other bad effects including the fact that alcohol consumption has led to major accidents. various(a) studies conducted in this aspect hav e shown that the consumption of alcohol and its after

The impact on China foreign exchange reserve if china aids European Dissertation

The impact on China foreign substitute reserve if china attentions europiuman union debt crisis - Dissertation ExampleAs economies of the world give up become highly integrated because of globalization and therefore poor economic condition of one unpolished or one region of the world could influence the some other economy. In other words, China is expression to ease the European nations out of this problem so that their poor economic situation does not influence the growing economy of China. Countries like United Kingdom, Germany, Greece, France and several other European countries have good job relationships with China and sizeable amount of goods are exported from China to European countries and therefore it helps the economy of China to prosper. however if these countries will neglectfulness then China would not be able to export its goods and therefore request of their products would be reduced and it could hurt the economic condition of China as well.1.2.Background to the Research regardChina is planning to give aid to European countries and China is looking this aid as an enthronization to keep its economic growth. The foreign tack reserves of the country at the end of December, 2011 were $3.18. This foreign exchange reserve reflects the strong economic condition of China. This foreign exchange reserve would allow China to help and bail out European countries juting from debt crisis. Although, China has made coronation in several move of Europe and even China has increased its investment almost thrice between 2009 and 2010 however Europe requires a lot more aid and investment to get out of trouble. Not only Chinese investors have made investments, but bonds of different European banks have also been purchased by China to procession the economic condition of European Union.... There are different benefits to China if they help the European region. The aid would help China to improve its image plus it would help them to have better retur n on their investment. Also with this aid, China would be able to have a greater say in European and financial talk. According to Chinese government, the investment would be safe because European countries are facing working(prenominal) issues however they are rich nations. Not only this would be a safe investment, but it would be helpful for China to enter into certain parts where their products have not been dominating and several other European countries could be entered by China in which they were not been able to export sufficient total of product. In addition to this, European countries like United Kingdom, Germany and France are important trading partners of China and part them would give them advantage in the long run. Therefore, the investment would be highly beneficial for the country in the long run. 1.3. Rationale of the Research Study The researcher has started conducting research to identify and analyse the impact on Chinese foreign exchange reserves if China aids E uropean nations to help them out of debt crisis. European nations are important trading partners of China and helping them out from this crisis could not only be an investment but this would be helpful for China to maintain their economic growth rate (REUTERS, 2011). If European countries default then the exports of China would be hurt and this could hurt the economic growth rate of China and as a result this would hurt the demand of Chinese products. So, with lower demand the industries in China would suffer and it

Wigand vs. brown and Williamson- ethical issues Essay

Wigand vs. brown and Williamson- ethical issues - Essay Exampleere not yet grounded on the dangers accompanied smoking but as well as the fact that the company was adding chemicals to the cigarettes and this made the consumption of such(prenominal) cigarettes more addictive to the consumers. First, there was ethical violation of the consumers rights. Apart from the fact that the company endangered the lives of the people, it was also unlawfully and corruptly obtaining wealth from the unsuspecting consumers.When investigation was instituted by the CBS, Wigand was convinced by Lowell Bergman to make his deposition proving the allegation through an interview. In the process of doing that, Wigand found himself in an awkward situation that put his blameless life at risk. The information he provided regarding this malpractice was treated with contempt. He suffered a lot of harassment and go about numerous threats because of such crucial information.The point of interest was that the C BS did not air the interview and the information that was presented by Wigand despite the risk he had taken. The main reason that the CBS gave for the failure to air the interview was the fear of judicial proceeding by the company. The CBS had broken law in this matter because of the omission. As a fourth estate, it was important that they action at the interest of the people and not base their actions on fear of actions being taken by the company. This was one of the major ethical dilemmas that CBS had placed itself in. It was now serving its own interests based on given rather than the interest of the people. It was revealed that the management of the CBS has chosen not to air the interview purely for monetary reasons. match to the study, it was revealed that the CBS did not want to taint their name with any legal issues particularly litigations, considering that they were at the verge of merchandising their company with the Westinghouse, and negotiations were at critical level . This envisaged litigation was seen to have the potential of lowering the company stock.

Identify the important examples and images of technology in the novel Essay

Identify the of import examples and images of technology in the novel and to explain why they are important - Essay ExampleRather an in-depth analysis of the inner meaning of the novel seems to be bound to excavate a more profound theme that includes technology revealed in a positively negative context. The wonder whether technology can bring about ultimate rejoicing has been continually explored throughout the whole novel. here Huxley scathingly criticizes any regime that claims universal happiness for human being being. He attempts to establish if happiness is something to be pursued by human being, certainly it cannot be brought about by any transmissible pre-program. because the futility of the use of technology by the totalitarian authority to bring happiness is revealed in the claim of the savagesThe proper to grow old and ugly and impotent the right to charter syphilis and cancer the right to have too little to eat the right to be lousy the right to live in eonian a pprehension of what may happen tomorrow the right to catch typhoid the right to be pain by unspeakable pains of each kind. (Huxley, 240)In the novel Huxley continually manages to exploits the attention of his readers to the fact that happiness in the Brave New World derives from what technology is supposed to contribute to it, such as genetic engineering, mutation and biological advancements, Centrifugal Bumble-puppy and Obstacle Golf, pleasure drug, Soma, etc. One of the stunning aspects of this technology-equipped society is the numberless consumerism that satisfies only the hunger of carnal desires of human being. Consequently Happiness in this society tolls the sacrifice of the just about sacred shibboleths of human culture love, family, freedom, motherhood, home etc. Controls in every sphere of life determine the individual existence of human being. Controls of technical pre-programs replace the moral restrictions of human that traditional religions of the world impose upon man, as Mustafa Mond says, God isnt

An Evaluation of the European Computer Driving Licence Essay Example for Free

An valuation of the European calculator drive demonstrate Essay1. IntroductionThe look into project includes the complete biography of the work from the rationale to the conclusion. I examine the reasons for conducting the look, how the Comp some(prenominal) king welf be from the experience and how trainers may job and channel to their toolbox of skills and noesis. The project to a fault considers the background to the European calculator Driving Licence (ECDL) and how this came to AEGON UK go, what purpose oeuvre cultivation serve had to play and what part of st yardgy ECDL was designed to meet. The main body of the project, the re hunt club itself, sets forth to consider a range of questions related to the evaluation of ECDL within a financial service setting which I believe is a valu open valet of interrogation that is non presently wide of the mark forth sexual climax. The search considers the practical implications of the work and the erectificatio ns for interest the particular achievements under wreakn.The conclusion draws the project together and set ups sets to the questions considered in a higher place. Does ECDL get rank within the business, bring forth learners acquired parvenue skills, what of the present instruction manners and how baron these be designed to suit the necessarily of afterlife learners?I hold up my search findings with the results of my info collection exercises together with statistics relating to ECDL including its recent affair out of doors of Europe. Fin in exclusivelyy, I present the detail of fabric apply whilst working on the project as indication and Bibliography.2 RationaleAEGON UK Services (UKS) is the fold upd book arm or Third Party disposition (TPA) operation for AEGON UK integrity of the mankind races top ten financial services companies. As a TPA no new business numbers into the presidential term and curiously in the present economic climate control of cos ts and expenses becomes paramount. It is not an oerstatement to consider that the continuing well being of the UKS site in Lytham rests with its highly competitive nature. When integrity considers that the average cost of one mental faculty member in Lytham is 40,00 pa whilst the equivalent outlay at the AEGON UK Head placement in Edinburgh is al near double at 65,000 pa, financial evidence becomes tripping in particular with close to 900 fork over at the Lytham site. thither argon m each reasons for this divergence in costs, not all of which may be cypherly influenced by the Company but it is this passing which frame let on to the health of the AEGON UK Services operation.It is against this background that the research into the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) is set, one of the organisation obtaining utmost value for to each one pound of spend. As Managing Director, David Barker, said at the 2002 Business Plan erect to staff, by dint of the professionalism , skill and commitment of its staff AEGON UK Services has a key part to play in the harvest-tide and development of the UK operation.It is my responsibility, as discipline Manager for UKS, to turn in learning opportunities, develop staff and upgrade their acquaintance and skills to meet the challenges set by the Managing Director and the Board of AEGON UK. After all, a shortage of skills could threaten the musical accompaniment of the operation. Fingold and Soskice (198922) who created the notion of a low skills/low quality equilibrium argued that the majority of enterprises staffed by poorly happy managers and workers produce low quality goods and services. Their raft was that Britain would not be able to keep pace with changing economic conditions.A decade on and still the privation for the bringing up and development of our staff in relation to the growth of our business remains. As David Blunkett, Secretary of State for Education Employment, sets out the challenge in advance for us all when speaking at the National procreation Awards ceremony in December 2000. The key message today is that in that location is a veridical economic need for sight to upgrade skills throughout life. We need to help everyone fulfil their potential and respond to the changing domain economy. (People Management, Vol 6, No 25). The task cladding us in the UKS gentility group is to meet the Secretary of States challenge and drive the business previous at the homogeneous time whilst maintaining a tight rein on expenditure.In the summer of 2001 our conglutination Representative introduced me to Workplace Training Services and this coalition with a local education provider curtly bore fruit. A key strategic challenge for AEGON UK in 2002 was the introduction of a Common operational Environment (COE) between its various UK operations the most visible aspect of the COE would be the starting appearance of Microsoft station 2000 in the various sites. Signifi b ack toothtly, as AEGON UK Services previously used Microsoft in that location were no externalises to create a formal training plan for the business, rather than relying our awareness of existing applications.The Manager, Dedicated Delivery, of Workplace Training Services (an arm of Preston College), Cyril wheat, offered the use of the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) as part of our solution to the need for staff learning and development in Office 2000. The seven-module ECDL broadcast is based upon the Microsoft Office 2000 applications and included learning on our key workplace needs, Word, PowerPoint and jump. Over 50 staff started the ECDL capacity in folk 2001 and to-date over 150 grant either achieved the award or are working towards it.Further developments of our work with the College wipe out been the provision of additional learning and development for staff, in particular the provision of Learndirect facilities and the healthy learning partnership that has g r consume between an employer, union and education institution. To support the development of this of import partnership Workplace Training Services offered AEGON UK Services one hundred free places on the ECDL programme in 2002.Although we ready seen a largish number of staff following the ECDL programme, myself included, AEGON UK Services has never conducted any formal evaluation of the learning programme. Whilst I yield learned new skills and am able to access more difficult applications, has the Company benefited from the ECDL partnership, get under ones skin the staff developed new skills and how might the programme best be carried forward? This is the rationale for the following research which is designed for the benefit, primarily, of the Company but in addition for the staff, College and as a valid piece of research.3. mountCongratulations Sara Lundstedt But why is this the Swedish environmental co-ordinator so signifi outhouset to the history of the European Compute r Driving Licence (ECDL). Well, Sara became the one millionth student to complete the programme, as reported in the June 2001 stochastic variable of IT Training (P7).What is ECDL and where did it come from? In 1994 the concept originated in Finland where the Finnish Information Process Association introduced the Computer Driving Licence. Shortly after, the Council of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS) established the User Skills Task Force in 1995. The Task Force, supported by funding from the European Commission, was to examine how to raise IT skill take aims in European industry.The Task Force determine the potential of the Finnish Licence and investigated the feasibility of adopting it and making it into a qualification for the whole of Europe. CEPIS actively aids IT literacy and promotes acceptance of professional standards for ICT professionals throughout Europe. Pilot judges were carried out during 1995 and early 1996 resulting in the launch of the Europe an Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) in August 1996, initially in Sweden and then throughout Europe.The ECDL Foundation was formed in 1997 to administer the ECDL programme on a not-for-profit bag and to promote, develop and support computer skills and IT k instantlyledge. According to its official website, the business of the ECDL Foundation is To disseminate, promote and evolve ECDL as a globally accepted IT skills hallmark programme that prepares all people for participation in the Information Society. On the surface, this has been boffo in 1999 the International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL) was created as the standard qualification for non-European countries.The syllabus is self like(a) to that of ECDL and was initially taken up by Australia, Canada, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Since then, more countries have joined the ICDL programme, ranging from Greece in 2000 to most recently, Malaysia. According to The Electric Paper Company Limited (http//www.electricpaper.ie/products /ecdl.asp) to-date, over 1.75 million people are registered on an ECDL/ICDL programme. This number is growing daily. There are tens of thousands of accredited test centres worldwide enabling people to take their tests an attain certificates.So, seven module appears to be working as students are assessed against the following competencies basic concepts of IT, victimization a computer and managing files, word souring, spreadsheets, databases, presentation and development and communication. The ECDL Foundation points out that the programme is now used in over 60 countries and IT Training announced in its October 2002 edition that the number of students enrolled topped the half-million mark. The British Computer Society (BCS) too reports that it is issuing 1,000 ECDL certificates every day.One of the first organisations in the public celestial sphere to move towards qualifying the computer skills of its staff is the NHS which recognised the increasing percentage that computer ski lls had to play in the public health sector. The significance of the ECDL finale is reflected in the accompaniment that it was announced by health Secretary, master key Hunt. He said, New technology investments to support staff to plan, deliver and re ken health make do pass on not be conquestful unless more priority is given to ensuring that all staff have a basic level of IT skills.There is a great deal of published support for the ECDL programme and I have included highlights from twain successful ventures. The House of Commons became the first Parliament in the world to offer staff training in IT skills, aimed at MPs assistants and constituency workers. Dr. Matthew Donaghy, Industry and Parliament Trust adjust Project Manager, said, Our objective, and indeed an most-valuable part of securing funding for the project, was to increase the employ magnate of staff outside the Parliamentary sector. ECDL gives staff an redundant qualification showing their competence with IT in the office, but also allow fors flexibility in training for the qualification so that it does not interfere with major projects they may be working on. Donaghy continued, An extra benefit of the course has been the increased level of teamwork between MPs assistants. Staff are increasingly sharing tips on office practices, which go away mean a more professional MPs service all round.The savings bank of England is also enabling its staff to take the ECDL programme via personal or on-line training. Bank delegate Governor, Mervyn King, who has successfully completed the qualification said, Across the Bank, the ECDL will multifariousness people to achieve a wide range of essential skills in IT, on which they can build in the future. I am positive(p) that it is an ideal modality for my colleagues to improve and consolidate their knowledge, to build confidence and to improve both productivity and decision making.ECDL appears therefore to have positive support, endorsed by Peter Bayley, Director of ECDL at the British Computer Society, who confirms that, Since the UK launch there has been a growing demand for information about ECDL users from both the Further Education and incorporate sectors in order to measure profiles, motivation, satiscircumstanceion and likely interest in our newly launched ECDL mod qualification. by from a gratifying 95 per cent satisfaction rating, almost two thirds of those polled chose ECDL because of its broad recognition as a computer skills qualification. In addition, 97% said they would recommend ECDL to family, friends and colleagues and 87% were interested in an ECDL Advanced qualification.Despite the fact that there is a great deal of published evidential support for ECDL, there remains little evidence within AEGON UK Services that the programme has been and remains successful. To date, we have tended to take the overhear that people pass, therefore it works But does it? As Reay (199423) points out, evaluation can enabl e you to do ruin in the future. This is not to say that youve been failing in the past but good trainers realize there is of all time room for improvement.It is against this background, of a development IT culture within Europe and latterly the rest of the world, that the research with AEGON UK Services is set. Will the experiences outlined above be matched within the Company?4. ResearchMost people associate the word research with activities which are substantially removed from day-to-day life and which are engage by outstandingly gifted persons with an unusual level of commitment, suggested Howard and Sharp (19836). However, Denscombe (19981) takes an alternative approach when opening his piece of work most 15 years later, Social research is no longer the uphold of the under coat elite of professionals and full-time researchers. It has become the concern of a far greater number of people who are faced with the prospect of set about scurvy-scale research projects as part of an academic course or their professional development. In my case, the piece of research was to be carried out over a 3 calendar month period by the Training Manager of a large organisation with very ordinary skills and an highly heavy workloadPayton (19794) identified research as the process of looking for a specific rejoinder in an organised objective reliable way and it is this search for answers that has driven me to tackle the challenge of evaluating the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) in AEGON UK Services. Considering what questions to ask, B pretermit suggests (199324/25), may prove a significant challenge in itself, The most difficult part of starting time a research project is practically that of identifying the best question to ask, one that is meaningful, whose answer contributes to the discipline, and whose resulting research can be carried out within the resources available. When considering the questions to answer from the piece of research I was conscious of two things set down by Managing Director, David Barker a) what would add value to the business supporting AEGON UK Services as a key part of the AEGON UK operation and b) provide learning opportunities to develop staff and upgrade their knowledge and skills? These factors contributed directly to my questionsHow has ECDL added value in AEGON UK Services?How have the learners acquired new skills to help them do their jobs?Has the method of learning for ECDL proved effective?What is the most effective way for any further learners to acquire the knowledge and skills requisite to achieve ECDL?Blaxter et al (199758) identified 2 divergent methods for designing and doing a research project, their research families of soft and quantitative methods.To Burns (20003), the quantitative approach is viewed as scientific and in his opinion, has been the conventional approach to research in all areas of investigation. The methods and purposes of scientific inquiry have been moulded by countle ss generations of scientists Burns (20009) outlines the strength of the quantitative approach as being its precision and control, together with a deductive approach and the use of quantitative data (which) permits statistical analysis.Denscombe (1998177) supports Burns standpoint by adding that, The use of quantitative data in social research has its attractions. For one thing, it carries with it an aura of scientific respectability. Because it uses song and can present findings in the form of graphs and tables, it conveys a sense of solid, objective research. However, an alternative view also exists and caution is stressed by Silverman (20006) when pointing out that the hard data on social structures which quantitative researchers have to provide can turn out to be a mirage. Caution was necessary for me when considering the effect of ECDL upon an individuals ability to do their job more effectively, as Cicourel (1964) points to defects with quantitative research, it may be use ful but it also may conceal as well as reveal social processes.On the other hand, soft research is an umbrella term that covers a intermixture of styles of social research, drawing on a variety of disciplines. Tesch (1990) identified 26 distinct kinds of social research which can fall under the term soft and no doubt, in time, that list will grow. However, Denscombe (1998207) does see some common elements which begin to give some sense, as he sees it, to qualitative research, a concern with meanings and the way people understand things and a concern with patterns of behaviour.Cohen and Mannion (19988) go a stage further and view qualitative research as a search for dread in which the principal concern is with the way in which the individual creates, modifies and interprets the world in which he or she finds himself or herself. Researchers who adopted this qualitative approach, responsive to individual perceptions, were felt by Bell (19997) to hear insights rather than statisti cal analysis.A positive aspect of qualitative research, according to Miles and Huberman (198410), is that they centering on by nature occurring, ordinary events in natural settings, so that we have a strong handle on what real life is like. The approach to this research project was on a qualitative basis and whilst there is a range of disadvantages to this method, including, as identified by Anderson (1990) the ability to collect a large number of replies, allow for easy collation and cheap and readily available, Anderson did identify advantages with a qualitative approach. Significantly, when deriveing data and information Anderson held that a qualitative approach enables the researcher to really understand another person, and qualitative research tends to focalize on learners, central to the research project, and their views of the world. My own research project mirrors a number of Andersons findings condenseing on the learners and managers and their views, attitudes and lo okingings is key to my work and as such does not lend itself naturally to a quantitative or scientific basis.However, in Denscombes opinion (1998 173), the two approaches are not mutually exclusive, the distinction between the two is over-simplified and relates to the treatment of the data. As Strauss (1987 2) argues, the genuinely useful distinction is in how data are treated analytically. Denscombes (1998173) view then is that a distinction between qualitative and quantitative research is far from watertight.To some extent, the research design depends on what Barnes (1992114) highlights as either a deductive or inductive approach to the project, with action research a key method of the latter. Barnes takes the view that when using action research, the outcomesare generally increased knowledge, understanding and improved practice. The implication from this is that action research has a relevance for what I will be under taking and indeed Blaxter et al (199764) confirm this by point ing out that it is well suited to the needs of people conducting research in their own workplaces, and who have a taper on improving aspects of their own and their colleagues practices.Cohen and Mannion (1998186) also focus their thoughts on this work-related aspect of action research by suggesting that it is situational it is concerned with diagnosing a problem in a specific context and attempting to solve it in that context. Although action research as a basis suits the needs of my project as shown above, there are a number of criticisms about the method, often reflecting Cohen and Mannions (1998193) comments that it is not scientific, its specimen is restricted and unrepresentativeits findings are restricted to the environment in which the research is carried out. I accept the above but am genial that although my findings may be restricted to the environment, they are after all mean for use solely within AEGON UK Services, any wider usage will be a bonus.Research data was ac cumulated by the use of questionnaires completed by learners, consultations with ripened managers and Preston College staff, and focus groups conducted with groups of learners. This common multi-method approach is describered to as triangulation, as originally identified by the works of Elliott and Adelman (1976), and has been defined in Open University course 811 accept Guide (198854) as cross-checking the existence of certain phenomena and the veracity of individual accounts by convocation data from a number of informants and a number of sources and subsequently comparing and contrasting one account with another in order to produce as full and balanced a study as likely.The use of triangulation goes some way to meeting the need for this piece of research to be both reliable and valid. Bryman (198955) outlines reliability as something which refers to the consistency of a measure. Blaxter et al (1997200) summarise the coming back of reliability in simple terms as considering whether you have carried it out in such a way that, if another researcher were to look into the same questions in the same setting, they would come up with essentially the same results . Validity is identified in a sympathetic tone by the same authors, to do with whether your methods, approaches and techniques actually relate to, or measure, the issues you have been exploring. Triangulation is particularly cardinal to me because it increases the strength and validity of my work.The use of questionnaires is outlined by Denscombe (199888) who suggests that they are at their most amentiferous when used with large numbers, straightforward information regardd, the social climate is open, standardised, time allows for delays, resources allow for the costs and when the responders can be evaluate to be able to read and understand the questions. However, my own piece of research is more menialer with fewer in the sample, straightforward questions on information that is current, al l of which adds to the simplicity of this process.However, there is a range of issues when using questionnaires with Bell (199975) suggesting that It is harder to produce a really good questionnaire than might be imagined. McKernan (2000125) endorses that view and warns that amongst the disadvantages are the amount of time taken compiling successful questions and low receipt rates. Nevertheless, the use of questionnaires provides direct access to the learners and adds balance to the interviews with my colleagues and members of Workplace Training Services.Given that my questionnaire is straightforward with simple questions I am conform to that this is a particularly useful method of gathering my research data. Further weight is given to this occupation by Burns (2000581) who supports me by adding such strengths as cost, each respondent receives same set of questions, errors in collation of responses reduced, respondents free to reply at own pace/time, fear and embarrassment avoide d, may sanction sure-footediality. Burns also highlights a number of potential concerns with the use of questionnaires including a poor response rate when compared to interviews, the potential for preconceived idea due to poor returns and badly prepared questionnaires. I acknowledge Burns concerns and test my questionnaire on a small pilot group of learners, drawn at ergodic, to assess its ease of use 2 questions are reworded to reflect the comments of this group.Given the small number of staff to have completed the ECDL programme I issue the questionnaire to all 45 which also supports the validity of my research and reduces the potential for any virgule due to the choice of my sample. I am conscious that, as Cohen et al (2000245) put it, the questionnaire will always be an intrusion into the life of the respondent, be it in terms of time taken to complete the questionnaireor the possible invasion of privacy. As a result of this, great care is taken over the questions posed, the amount of national and the manner in which this is issued to learners.To keep the questionnaire simple I want to largely use closed questions and this method is supported by Wilson and McLean (199421) who confirm that these are simple to completeand do not discriminate unduly on the basis of how articulate the respondents are. However, to ensure that peoples views are gathered I aim to allow respondents a small degree of space for their own thoughts to be considered which mirrors the views of Oppenheim (1992115) when considering the use of closed questions they do not enable respondents to add any remarks, qualifications and explanations to the categories, and there is a risk that the categories might not be exhaustive and that there might be bias in them. A blank questionnaire is included as Appendix B.It is the need to gather personal views and opinions that prompts me to include interviews with senior managers, and focus groups amongst learners. As Denscombe (1998) points out, questionnaires are at their best with large numbers I am dealing with 6 senior managers and am mindful that the culture of my own organisation is such that as Training Manager it is politic for me to see the senior managers rather than issue them with a questionnaire. As McKernan (2000128) claims, Interviewing is a social survey skill which can be taught. I am satisfied that my role in designing and delivering Interviewing Skills training courses for 5 years to the same group of managers enables me to carry out this processThere are a number of identified advantages in using interview techniques for gathering my research data and these include, Burns (2000582/3) who is an exponent of its flexibility, the interviewer has the opportunity to observe the subject and the total situation in which they are responding which according to Burns should produce higher response rates and if properly conducted should yield response rates of at least 80-85%. Cohen et al (2000268) provides further thoughts and considerations on interviews, when outlining the need for trust to exist, suggesting that there should be a relationship between the interviewer and interviewee that transcended the research, that promoted a bond of friendship, a purporting of togetherness and joint pursuit of a common mission rising above personal egos. Once again, my relationship with the senior managers is such that I am sure-footed that I have this level of trust in place already to enable a smooth process to occur. In addition, greater credibility is given to me conducting these interviews, as Kane (199768) asserts, the closer the interviewer is to the respondent in class, sex, age and interests, the greater chance the interviewer has of being successful.When considering the strengths and weaknesses of distinguishable types of interviews I endorse the comments of Patton (1980206) who sets out the interview guide approach, which mirrors my requirements. The topic and issues to be covered are speci fied in advance, thus the outline increases the pretension of the data and makes data collection somewhat systematic for each respondent. I recognise that there is a risk of omitting important or salient points and that I must(prenominal) pay particular attention to maintaining focus on the key issues, in this case whether the managers consider that the ECDL programme has benefited the business.Consideration however must be given to the school of thought that exists regarding problems with the interview as a method for gathering my research data. stonemason (199742) suggests that good qualitative interviewing is hard, creative work. It is a much more complex and exhausting task to plan and carry out than, for example, to develop and use a structured questionnaire for asking a set of predetermine questions. Tuckman (1972) set out a number of problems with the interview as a technique for gathering data, including the fact that a competent interviewer is required (which may involv e payment), a limited number of respondents can be reached and the reliability is quite limited. Whilst acknowledging these concerns, as I have set out my competency earlier, I require interviews with a controlled group of 6 individuals only and have a great degree of confidence in the reliability of my data. Not to mention that this interviewer requires no additional payment for the work.My final information gathering technique is the focus group which Kreuger (198827) highlights as typically having 5 characteristics, a) people who, b) posses certain characteristics, c) provide data, d) of a qualitative nature, e) in a focussed reciprocation. Cohen et al (2000288) support my use of the focus group by suggesting that they might be useful to triangulate with more traditional forms of interviewing, questionnaires, observation etc. Although observation is not necessary or appropriate for my research, Cohen et al do concur with my use of the interview and questionnaire.According to the December 2002 issue of Croners A-Z Briefing (12/022), the main advantage of a focus group lies in its ability to collect inhering judgments where several, individual, judgments are better than just one. By using a focus group the researcher can see how and why individual judgments are supported . This aspect of the focus group is particularly useful to me as it enables a group of learners to come together and share their experiences of the ECDL programme including highs and lows. It allows me the opportunity to facilitate discussion on the optimum way forward for AEGON UK Services and for future learners. Croner goes on to add that, they perform a useful function when evaluating various aspects of training and development, particularly when qualitative measurements are required and where it is deemed necessary to correspond any unexpected outcomes or applications which have arisen as a result of such provision. Morgan (198843) cautions on the size of focus groups, suggesting betw een four and twelve whilst Croner takes a similar stance, between 6 and 12 two of the above agree on the need for careful consideration with take, in this case with the focus group, as Croner puts it (P3), all those involved do need to be representative of the total existence under consideration. I have already decided to use all of my Award-holders as I have 3 months in which to carry out the research and have a small group, as Bell (199983) suggests, The number of subjects in your investigation will necessarily depend on the amount of time you have. However, the question of the size of the sample and how it is selected is an issue.Cohen and Mannion (199887) put forward a range of sampling tools including prospect and non-probability, random and stratified samples whilst Bryman (1989107) argues the case for a representative sample using a type of probability sample. To ensure that each of my ECDL Award-holders has an equal probability of inclusion in the sample used for the focu s groups, names are drawn at random from an Excel spreadsheet. Kerlinger (198645), identifies randomness thus, it means that there is no known law, capable of being expressed in language, that correctly explains or describes events and their outcomes. Kerlinger (198644) goes on to provide further evidence that my sampling approach is correct, random sampling is that method of drawing a portion (sample) of a population so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Taking into account the thoughts of both Morgan and Croner above, I facilitate 2 focus groups of 8 members each.There are some difficulties in using focus groups and some of these are identified byKrueger (198846/7) who outlines the following less control of the group as opposed to individuals, difficulties in analysing data, lack of interview skills, varying group dynamics, assembling groups and creating a supportive environment. I acknowledge Kruegers observations and take extra care whe n running the focus groups although I must stress that my background is as a dexterous interviewer and I am able to create a stable, supportive environment for the attendees who have attended similar workshops and courses in the past, often facilitated by me.Any research project is likely to raise ethical issues. This is particularly so if it involves people directly, but may also be the case even if you conduct your research entirely on documentary evidence, Blaxter et al (1997146). Clearly, it is wrong for me to assume that, given my position as Training Manager, there is no issue with ethics, people know me and are happy to open up and provide me with valuable and valid information. Bell (199952) warns, People will be doing you a favour if they agree to help, and they will need to know exactly what they will be asked to do, how much time they will be expected to give and what use will be made of the information they provide. The view is endorsed by McKernan (2000241), who adds t hat, It is crucial for all participants to know what their rights are in research of any kind.As such, I take great care when contacting my ECDL learners to sleepless them to my research and the need for their valuable input to further the learning partnership within AEGON UK Services. occurrence attention is paid to the senior managers who give me some of their valuable time for 11 interviews and each of them is contacted personally by telephone to discuss the needs and requirements of the research and agree suitable times for the interviews. Hopkins (2000221/2) identifies a range of principles that I must observe in the commitment to my research including, observing protocol, involving participants, reporting on progress, maintaining confidentiality and obtaining authority before using quotations. Particular care was observed when considering the use of quotations from our external partner, Workplace Training Services, and I arranged a special meeting with Cyril Wheat to discuss the learning partnership and seek his agreement to the use of specific quotations, included in the Conclusions to this research.As Burns (200022/3) summarises, All in all it looks fairly difficult to conduct much research without running into ethical arguments. Burns comments alert me to the need to take nothing for granted in view of my special position with the learners, Ethical problems are likely to occur in social science research since human subjects are involved. Researchers must be aware of ethical considerations involved in voluntary and non-voluntary participation, deception, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, the right to discontinue, and obligations of the experimenter.It is this special position, that of psyche who has worked very closely with most of the ECDL learners, that Sellitz et al (1962583) might have been thinking of then they attested, interviewers are human beings and not machines and their manner may have an effect on respondents. Many factors can influence responses one way or another, for instance Borg (198187) highlights a few of the problems that can occur, eagerness of the respondents to please the interviewer, a undefined antagonism or the tendency of the interviewer to seek out the answers that his preconceived notions .These factors are called response effect by survey researchers. ECDL learners know me well and are aware of my enthusiasm for the learning partnership and our work with the ECDL programme. dexterity this naturally influence their responses to questionnaires, focus group or, even senior managers, interview questions?However, Bell (1999139) offers words of wisdom, just as the aspiring researcher wilts under the strains of potential bias, by pointing out that it is easier to acknowledge the fact that bias can creep in than to eliminate it altogether. This is a key consideration for my research as I am very keen for it to succeed being the instigator of the learning partnership with Workplace Trai ning Services and the person responsible for the ECDL programme.A further area for my research to draw upon is the Training teams entree for the 2002 National Training Awards. The entry was based upon the teams work with the ECDL programme in AEGON UK Services and I refer to the comments of the judges in the Data Analysis and Conclusions.5. Analysis of DataMy research amongst European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) award-holders in particular highlights the very positive aspects of the programme and it is encouraging to learn that all questioned feel that the programme has benefited them, personally and professionally. Significantly, the great majority of learners also felt able to now support colleagues with IT-related enquiries, a factor that reflects our status as an Investor In People staff are keen to share knowledge with each other in a positive manner.Being able to solve problems, increasing ones confidence, developing trouble-shooting skills and appropriately staff trained in new technology are benefits to the company, as viewed by the learners. Although it is not the intention in my research to provide statistical analysis, rather to draw conclusions from learners responses, the feedback from learners does represent universal support for developing skills to enhance the business. Learners feel more competent to do their work, have a more confident approach and have developed skills to enable new work to be handled also converting manual tasks to a PC-based system. I am able to speak from personal experience and, as a result of taking the ECDL programme, I can now use Excel with some success. Whilst it is very difficult to make any claims with the research I am confident that the programme has made a significant difference. Prior to starting the ECDL programme I was unable to use Excel despite having access to the program, after completing the Excel module I am now able to design spreadsheets for use in the Training team.There is evidence of other or ganisations introducing a successful ECDL programme and the following case study extracts are from the ECDLs own website, www.ecdl.co.uk/employer/case. Mike Sampson, Human Resources Director at kinglike Liver Assurance, commented We are delighted that the ECDL pilot organization has proved to be so successful and now intend to run ECDL again with further members of staff. It is important that our employees are given the opportunity to refresh and improve upon their IT skills, which ultimately reflects a great benefit to Royal Liver and ensures the companys values and good standing are continually maintained. (www.ecdl.co.uk/employer/case/royal)Even in the world of IT itself, ECDL is viewed as a positive addition to the learning curriculum, Les Williamson, Resources Servicing Manager, IBM, added, We realised fairly quickly that this certification would be beneficial across the site. Not many people can claim proficiency in all the IT productivity tools that we could be using everyd ay. This is a qualification that demonstrates just that. (www.ecdl.co.uk/employer/case/ibm)90% of learners feel that they are now more confident when using a PC (66% of the remaining 10% already did so) which is an endorsement of our decision to offer the programme and a statistic from a similar exercise conducted amongst award-holders at Manchester NHS Health Authority in 2002 found that ECDL qualified staff are proven to save an average of 38 minutes per day. Staff within AEGON UK Services also highlighted the speed at which they are now able to process IT-related work as a benefit to the Company.Feedback from the learners in the questionnaires suggested that, whilst staff were achieving success using the CD ROM made available by Workplace Training Services, there was less than total satisfaction. Accordingly, amongst the questions I posed at the focus groups was What method of learning would you recommend for future ECDL students? Although only a small percentage of respondents t o the questionnaire felt that the quality of learning materials was less than good during the focus groups, the mood was very different and people had the opportunity to express their views in more detail. It became apparent that the majority of the attendees of twelve felt that the CD ROM was difficult to work with, either because of their own IT situation out of the office, some did not have a PC at home, or more commonly because of the great amount of detail included. Their pet learning method was to use paper-based material although some members of the focus groups felt that the CD ROM was ideal.Comments were also made that it was often difficult to obtain 11 support as members of the Training team were often involved in other projects and, in truth, were never seen as providing close support for learners. Learners comments were referred to Cyril Wheat who visited the site and spoke with groups of the learners as a result, directly, of the feedback provided to Cyril his Workpla ce Training Services team started to provide future learning support material in two forms, paper-based for the majority, CD ROM where preferred. In addition, another change in policy as a result of feedback, with the introduction of a dedicated resource from the College, person who would be guaranteed to be on the Lytham site once a week for personal tutorials.Most impress amongst the findings was the feedback from the senior managers. Whilst the Managing Director has given the partnership with Workplace Training Services his blessing and has in fact recently enrolled on the ECDL programme, the same positive views are not held by the management team. I conducted the interviews and was move by the little knowledge that the managers had of the programme, one actually admitted that he had no awareness that any of his staff are taking an award. Whilst the general view amongst the managers was that any learning which develops the staff to enhance the business, must be a good thing, o nly one member of the team was more positive. One manager had experient the ECDL programme personally, achieved the award, and spoke highly of the benefits to AEGON UK Services in supporting the implementation of COE. More work remains to be done with the management team for the future of the programme.6. ConclusionsThe comments of learners who have achieved their European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) are extremely encouraging from a purely personal point of view, the initial thoughts are that my efforts in bringing the ECDL programme to AEGON UK Services staff has paid off. But that cursory observation is not able to merit the programme a success.When we set off on the ECDL programme there was a clear business need to be met, successfully implementing the Common Operating Environment (COE) and the transfer to Microsoft Office 2000. What must not be overlooked was that the business was not using any formal training scheme to meet the requirements generated by the COE and I was confident that ECDL could provide many of the training needs. Although I am not able to provide any hard quantitative data I have feedback from learners and managers which supports the use of the programme. As one manager put it, Having achieved the ECDL I can vouch for the skills and knowledge acquired. Members of my team have show the benefits of the learning through the enhanced use of different programs. The data provides evidence of ECDL supporting the implementation of COE in the business.New skills have been acquired by learners, many of whom are now looking for further opportunities, whilst at the same time encouraging colleagues to enrol on the programme. There are numerous examples quoted of staff who are now able to access different programs, use PowerPoint, Access or in my case, get to grips with Excel for the first time.Our relationship with Workplace Training Services has developed, from the first tentative enquiries regarding the use of ECDL, the Colleges first learn ing partnership in the North West to one of collaboration on other projects as I close this research we are discussing certificated learning to meet behavioural competencies. Cyril Wheat, Manager Dedicated Delivery, is proud of his organisations role with the business and speaks highly of our work, with the commitment of an employer who is providing resources is very important.The need for such support is echoed by Tim Rush of Islington Council who adds, We have been lucky here in Islington, Members of the Council and senior management have been fully supportive. Gaining support at that level is essential to any successful implementation. (www.ecdl.co.uk/employer/case/islington). Cyrils teams commitment to us now includes the use of 10 PCs, available for any form of learning, and a dedicated resource on-site for work with the ECDL programme.Significantly, the learning has largely taken place at no cost to the business and during 2002 over 100 learners were enrolled with Workplace Tr aining Services for free and we have ascertained that open learning with the ECDL programme may yet prove to be extremely cost effective to the business. We have 150 staff achieved or working towards the award with 100 more to follow during the course of this year an costs incurred to-date are a little over 3,000 which is roughly 12 per learner. Given that this learning ultimately accredits staff members with a universally accepted IT qualification and attention on external learning is in my experience over 100 per day then I believe that this equates to value for money learning.Our work with the fledgling ECDL programme in employer-related learning has highlighted new areas for study. As demonstrated earlier, learners had difficulties with the Computer Based Training and the CD ROM was not viewed as user-friendly as a result, their feedback has been taken into account and staff enrolling more recently have had access to paper-based support material with CR ROMs available where re quired.The judges at the 2002 National Training Awards were impressed by your decision to encourage your employees to undertake the ECDL qualification and drew upon a number of other positive aspects although they highlighted a number of important issues for the team to consider. As I point out above, there are limitations with my research and issues to consider for the coming months, as the judges point out in their feedback, it is still quite early in the process of introducing the Common Operating Environment and they have suggested that we re-enter at a later date.I am also conscious that the research has been carried out by someone with a clearly vested interest in its success, the training of staff in the business is after all my responsibility, and that this may have clouded the findings. I acknowledge this limitation and make efforts to minimise the effects of this bias. My ultimate findings are also effected by yet more bias the results are based upon my work with learner s at AEGON UK Services in a supportive environment where facilities are made available to them and they do not have to pay any fees. I make no claims about applying my results to a wider audience whether in another industry or with the public at large.However, the final thought lies with Andrew Mayo, writing in the January 2003 edition of Training Journal, who holds out, So here is the challenge for 2003. Will you be able to say, at the end of the year, where and how learning interventions made a difference to the achievements of the organisation(s) you work with . From the feedback received from learners and indeed Workplace Training Services staff I am confident that the ECDL programme has already made an impact on AEGON UK Services although greater communication is required with senior managers based upon their own feedback. Furthermore, as the judges of the National Training Awards indicate, there is yet more to come as our learning partnership matures and more staff set out on the road to success through the challenge of ECDL.Project Proposal DHL0730 Empirical StudyAEGON UK Services in partnership with Workplace Training Services, an arm of Preston College, started to offer the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) to staff in September 2001. The ECDL programme based it is upon Microsoft Office 2000 applications was seen as an ideal complement to the Common Operating Environment (COE) to be launched in 2002. At the same time the launch of ECDL provided further evidence of the Company facilitating learning and development opportunities for its staff. Under COE the whole of AEGON UK would operate with Microsoft Office 2000 whilst over 90% of staff were familiar with the 1997 version or earlier. To-date over 150 staff have started or finished the ECDL programme yet no evaluation of the success or otherwise of ECDL within AEGON UK Services has ever been carried out.Title of ResearchAn evaluation of the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) as used by A EGON UK Services.Brief DescriptionThe ECDL was launched to develop the skills of European citizens and to enable them to become proficient in PC skills. The use of ECDL within AEGON UK Services was designed to provide staff with the skills necessary to deal effectively with the Common Operating Environment (COE), in effect Microsoft Office 2000.

The Right to Property Essay Example for Free

The Right to Property EssayEvery soul in this worls has the set to own a quality according to availability of the same. This ownership is founded on his counterbalance to jazz and survive. However, the ownership of a property is subject to certain affaires that whitethorn be out of control of the person. These pertains to the internal right of the g all oerning to act on any matter relating to its subjects. Based on principles and concepts, the ownership of property is very intricate as it involves complicated processes in the political system. Different countries do non cook the same rules relating to property rights. As such, one rule whitethorn not be applicable to separate people.However, no matter how complicated the processes may be, each individual with respect to his morals, nature, needs and separate grand detailors may basically hamper the inherent right of every organisation to lesson its power. It is true that the government has the power govern the people based on the need of governmental existence, however, these right has its limitations. As every person is also entitled to his right to live a good life, these natural rights actually protect a persons property from any intervention from the government no matter what kind of intervention it may be.Ownership comprises the right to possess, the right to manipulation, the right to manage, the right to the in begin of the thing, the right to the capital, the right to security, rights or incidents of transmissibility and absence of terms, the obstacle of harmful use, liability to execution, and the incident of residuarity. All these things may simply be understood on the right of every person to enjoy his property, a right to own or possess the same, the right to tied(p) destroy it and the right to exclude other people from its use in line with applicable laws.This is in line with the interplay of fact of ownership by a person and the right of the government to subject every person under the rule of law. The right to possess means the right to be put in exclusive control of a thing and enjoy the thing itself according to his go away including the right to repose in control. It also include the claim that others should not without permission, interfer the exercise of ownership. The right or liberty to use at ones discretion has rightly been recognized as a cardinal feature of ownership and the fact that, as we shall see, certain limitations also occur.There is a need to follow this limitation in diverseiate to make the society harmonious. If we fail to do the same, the use of property without fundamental laws to follow will mother so much trouble in the political system. The right to manage is the right to decide how and by whom the thing owned shall be used. This decision shall rest from the discretion of the owner of the property. As such, he has the right to transfer or let other person use his own property. We should know that ownership has neve r been absolute.It has been subject to incidents of ownership as the prohibition of harmful use, liability to execution for debt, to taxation and to expropriation under the exercise of the inherent right of the government on eminent domain through public authority. Emphasis on the neighborly aspect of ownership has, however, varied from age to age. Those sacred and inviolable rights, which, according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, no one could be forced to cede except for public necessity have become, in french law for instance, liable to expropriation on grounds of public utility and subject to a general article of belief forbididng abuse.According to the liberal conception of ownership, there is a sharp distinction between 3 government and ownership. Though, in a loose sense, the said has the right to exercise the power of eminent domain over at least theland compri nefariousnessg its territory, this does not carry with it rights to possess enjoyment or scour to alie nate it, so that the sense in which the produce is owner is very loose indeed.The interest of the acres, according to this conception is captive to power of expropriation and a minimum of restrictive regulation, together with the expectancy of acquiring property as de jure va washstandt or by escheat in round instances (Honore 113). This will give us the idea that the state can exactly hold a property of a person under the exercise of expropriation and other regulations that the government ar required to implement. Another concept that is widely related to ownership and use of cliquish property is socialism.Socialism has led to a revised view of the relation between government and ownership, at leat as regards some important types of property, such as land and business. This will mean, pertaining to practice, that the owners privileges of using and powers of managing a thing a she wishes have been curtailed and that the social interest in the productive use of things has bee n affirmed by legislation. In the negative, this process has meant that, in the interests of health and comfort, many substances cannot be used at all or can only be used in certain ways.For example, the sale of drugs is automatically controlled as it is harmful to the people, only smokeless fuel may be used in certain areas and garden hoses may not be used at certain periods. Such situations multiplied a thousand fold, have come to seem so natural that we hardly realize that the social interest in the use of things, the conservation of resources and in the expound of manufacturing processes in a modern, though it is also a primitive, conception. 4 Now, another thing will be added to explain what has been expounded earlier.Positive control by the state shades into prohibition. The positive trade to exploit ones property in a socially beneficial way, as opposed to the prohibition of a harmful exploitation, has not been generally imposed as its implications fully worked out. It has something to do with the prohibition to use properties that may cause nuisance with other people or anyhting that will do bad things against other persons. A different form of state control is exercised by drawing a distinction between different types of ownership.The difference lies, of course, in the right of government officials to interfere in the management of the former categories and in state regulation of income rights deriving from the property, also in differing rules about alienation. In this way, the sphere of operation of ownership in the liberal sense is narrowed and a form of state participation in management substituted in the remaining sphere. These differences may be seen in the actual interplay of the implementation of property laws.Another form of social control consists in the exercise by officials of the management of things in ther private ownership of the state. Such arrangements familiarise the form but not the substance of ownership in the liberal sense. Management and enjoyment are actually divided and political control, directly or indirectly, is exercised over the allocation of resources and the uses to which the thing owned is put. The nationalized industries in the United Kingdom folow this knid of pattern control.The next social control may be exercised by a restriction on the type of thing that is subject to ownership by persons other than the state, a sin the Russian building lease, where the building is owned by a private individual, the land remaining in state ownership. In effect, this restricts the privileges of the building owner in the general interest. 5 For us to understand the details on how government exercise of power was hampered by the natural rights of man to own different kinds of property, we will illustrate it by giving a concrete example.We will view a scenario that was given by Waldron when for instance a person owns a car. When a person owns a car, he has the legal talent to use it in a certain way (Wald ron 27). But it is true only in some circumstances. The owner of the car is not at liberty to target it on the footpath or to bring forth it anywhere at a speed faster than seventy m. p. h. There is no liberty to drive it also without a license from the authorities because that would be illegal. The owner of the car has also the right not to let them use car without permission.However, the use of the car should not be a nuisance to his neighbors or should be in a good condition. As such, he may be liable to alter if it rolls into his neighbors fence. We should remember that these rights, liberties and duties are the basic stuff of ownership. But legal relations can be changed. If the person owns a car, he is in a position to change them. He has the power to sell it or give it to somebody else, in which case all the legal relations change. He has to take on the duties and limited rights of a non-owner of the car and someone else take son the rights, liberties, duties and powers of ownership.Or perhaps he lends or hires the car, that invokes a temporary and less extensive change in legal realtions. He can even bequeath the car in his will and testament so that someone else will take over his property rights when he dies. These are his powers to change his leagl situations or relations and that of others if he is the owner of the car. Finally, she may also, in certain circumstances, have his own legal position altered in relation to the car for instance, he is liable to have the car seized in execution of a judgment summons for debt.

Farmers and Fishermen by Daniel Vickers Essay Example for Free

Farmers and Fishermen by Daniel Vickers EssayThe pen Daniel Vickers in his keep Farmers and Fishermen describes, presents the info analyzes the changing strategies that were used by the colonists such as New England in order to develop the worldly concern and the amateur nations and introduce the world to the industrial era. These colonists in the result of lack of the resources to purchase labor satisfactory the Labor System of Europe.Later on the economy was trans figureed by the changes occurred in the form of the fellowship of the world. In this book Daniel Vickers has closely analyzed the score of farmers and fishermen of Massachusetts. He spotted that who worked for whom. He also expound the terms and conditions under which these farmers and fishermen had worked.The book Farmers and fishermen is a book that clearly demonstrates Daniel Vickerss leading command on the knowledgeable background of the general literature of Essex County, Massachusetts and the diachron ic versions of the labor in the earliest centuries of European arrangement. The author has written the book in the most clearly and easy-to-understand manner that allows the allegeer to understand and do good knowledge of the preindustrial America and structure of the labor in the districts farming and angle communities (Vickers, 1994).Daniel Vickers has organise the existing literature regarding farmers and fishermen with conclusions brought out from the 16th years of recorded researches. His effort of withdrawing the literature and interpretation of the historians such as Massachusetts Tax Valuation list of 1771 and the substantial tables of information from the recorded data of account books and diaries has been considered as hard work according to great many authors.Daniel Vickers has creatively drawn conclusions and historical sequels of the farming and look for professions throughout the history. Daniel Vickers has defined the history into three sections, the first se ction involves the first speed of light of the settlement of farming and fishing. Later on in the second sections, author has exposit the level aft(prenominal) the revolutionary war when the industrialization was leading in the region (Vickers, 1994).The author describes that the basic problem was that the hatful who wanted to use the English pattern of labor in the world and this was the conflict among the masses. This is defined in the two halves of the book. The study astir(predicate) the colonists, use of labor and the system designed by European is described in two halves of the book. The first half of the book inspects the lack of labor and capital within verdant and maritime economics and the circumstances under which a number of systems were developed (Vickers, 1994, p. 6) .The second half of the book is a tour to the history and the festering of the countys socioeconomic maturation. This half of the book deals with the strategies which were employed in the New Worl d and how these strategies served so well to the district (Vickers, 1994, p. 7).The book is actually describing the history in full-length of so many fishermen and farmers from all around the world this is why this study by Daniel Vickers is not complete. in that location are broad arguments but the research available is narrow to give a complete overview of the history and the development of the two most important occupations fishing and farming. The farming and fishing has been considered as the driving eviscerate of the colonialism and transformation of the old world into the new world.The most important feature of the book is that the researches and interpretations of the historians used in this book covers a long period though it is limited to some regions but it gives measures for the authors to understand about the productive relations and changes which occurred in the period of development.Daniel Vickers in this book describes and observed the history of farming and fishi ng carefully through the interpretations and research by the historians in the detailed and classified form such as addition of age, ethnicity, social origin, economic status etc. The flaw of the book is that the readers, who might expect to read and analyze the systematic data in this book by Daniel Vickers, wont get the epoch because of the lack of the data present (Vickers, 1994).In the book Farmers and Fishermen, the author Daniel Vickers with extensive knowledge about the stuff of the related base allows him to write amicably and become the arbiter among the historians. The author describes the century of early piscary i.e. COD covered the work by the farmer-fishermen rather than those who fished alone. In the posterior part of the book the author describes on the basis of historian interpretations that the market and the social approaches to the early American economy are wholly incorrect. The author has greatly considered the research conducted by Virginia De John and C hristine Heyrman in the course of the book (Vickers, 1994).The author introduces the readers to the later part of the fishing business which was once the most dominant feature of the New Englands emerging market, started to dissolve.The reason behind this was the merchants and the accumulation of the capital into colonies. The fishermen were not being paid in advance for their start out of fishery which was essential for the outfit of their ships for the fishing. Instead of paying these fishermen, these merchants put their money in the purchase of their admit larger ships. These merchants began to hire these fishermen as laborers on their ships for the purpose of the directing these merchants into deeper offshore waters (Vickers, 1994).This change brought melancholy to the families of these fishermen the result was the sons of these families no longer worked as the fisherman. Instead of fishing they worked for the military service purpose out from home. If some of them worked a s the fishermen, they worked in the neighbor as the laborer as well worked on their give birth ships for the catch. The author described these cause and effects with the knowledge of the documents and records which dealt the history of the 17th century. Later on the psyche of owning land as the ancestors in the past did, held fast throughout this period (Vickers, 1994).The author in the function chapter of the book tried to give evidence of the ways in which the social arrangements and the industrialization influenced the capitalist development. Daniel Vickers in his book described briefly the capitalist arrangement and the organizations of farming and fishing along with the systematic sequences of the industrialization in the region.While his representation of the rising trends of the merchant class which was another emerging occupation and the knowledge provided related to the American economy are sound. The details provided in the first half of the book which contains the pre- industrial period is not clear to the readers as the details mentioned in the first half are written in the vague overview of all the previous researches and the historian interpretations (Vickers, 1994).The book Farmer and Fishermen is the compiled version of all the sources related to the subject such as documents, historian interpretations and previous researches. The literature of the fishing and farming is presented in the most likely way to determine and make the readers understand the industrialization period of farming and fishing.Writing on a most brief topic with less existing data is a complicated task for the author, though there are some changes required for instance the method of presenting the data was chosen in the form of tables where it is not cleared from the text that where exactly these fishermen originated from. Throughout this book the author Daniel Vickers has tried to present the data in the form of relations. This book has been successful in examining the 19th century industrial revolution in New England (Vickers, 1994).Thus after reading the book Farmers and Fishermen by Daniel Vickers, the reader of the book can bring out the wide range of knowledge of the fishing and farming organizations along with the emerging period of the organization, the development and industrialization and the downfall of the organizations. In this book, one can read about the lives and the complications of the people in the fishing and farming industries. This book provides the better understanding of the events which concluded the goals of the author with the support of great historians such as Virginia De John and Christine Heyrman.ReferencesVickers, D. (1994). Farmers and Fishermen Two Centuries of Work in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630-1850. Williamsburg UNC Press.