An International Marketing Plan for Bright Eyes to Enter the Market of Research Paper

An International Marketing Plan for Bright Eyes to Enter the Market of Brazil and Denmark - Research Paper Example It is critical to understand that choosing right mode of entry as well as designing right marketing mix. Since each market carries its own dynamics and peculiar factors, therefore, the strategic outlook would require developing appropriate market entry strategy, deciding on which approach to take while designing marketing mix, detailing the elements in marketing mix as well as organization and coordination of marketing activities. This report will present an international marketing plan for Bright Eyes to enter the market of Brazil and Denmark. This plan will detail as to what market entry strategies should be adopted by the firm in each market besides discussing as to what marketing mix approaches to be undertaken. This plan will also detail as to how the overall marketing activities will be coordinated across both the markets and how Bright Eyes should approach both these markets in order to achieve its strategic objectives. Brazil’s economy is considered as the sixth largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP1. Brazil is also part of what is called BRIC, a group of four top emerging economies in the world suggesting that Brazil is one of the key markets to look for growth. What is important to note that Brazil has relatively opened its markets and is transitioning towards the free market economy. Such approach, therefore, would critically allow any international firm to easily set its feet on the ground and capture the market without significant hurdles. The Brazilian economy is also considered as the largest economy in Latin America and is believed to be one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The increasing competitiveness of the economy, the rise of an affluent class within Brazilian society as well as globalization forces have made Brazil as one of the lucrative markets in the world.

Evaluation Essay Essay Example for Free

Evaluation Essay Essay The National Basketball Association, popularly Known as the NBA, was established in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America and the Chicago Bulls became a member of the NBA after their establishment in 1966. Since becoming the NBA, the basketball played during the playoffs has proven to be far more competetive than that played during the regular season of at least 60 games per team. This was proven beyond doubt when the Chicago Bulls defeated the Brooklyn Nets in the 2013 playoffs after trailing by 14 points with only 3 minutes and forteen seconds of regulation time left. This was quite hard to believe and turned out to be an unexpected reality despite the susceptibility of the Chicago Bulls to injury and the absence of their superstar, Derick Rose. With the emergence of the 2008 number 1 draft pick of the NBA, Derick Rose, drafted by the Chicago Bulls, there was hope for an NBA title for the city of Chicago which has not had any hope since the Michael Jordan era. After the horrible 2012/2013 regular season in which the Bulls suffered a great deal of injuries worst than any other NBA team, the Bulls head into the playoffs still short handed. The first impression about this Bulls team is their resilience considering their success into the playoffs despite the injury woes. The first round featured the Bulls and the Nets in what is suppose to be a seven game series with the winner being any team with the first four wins. The two teams meet at the Barclays Center in New York for game 4 of the series with the Bulls leading two games to one. The game appea red to be pretty even within the first three quarters untill the nets blowout to a 14 point lead with exactly 3 minutes and 14 seconds of playtime left on the clock. At this point, no one could see the possibilty of a Bulls win considering the absence of a superb playmaker like their all-star point guard, Derick Rose who used to lead them to numerous comeback wins. Notwithstanding, the bulls backup point guard, Nate Robinson, who is just 5 9 tall, Weighing 180 lb popularly reffered to as little Nate by most basketball journalists and analysts went to work. He can be reffered to at this point as the savior, but who could have imagined that at a crucial point like this, it will be the backup point guard, who is not ony the smallest player on the bulls roster but also one of the least regarded who will bail them out. With the nets leading by 14 at this point, all hope was lost but the Bulls coach, Tom Thibedeau, was still on his toes with the hope to salvage the situation.  Nate took over, first by hitting a three point basket. The lead was down to 11, but the Nets coach was pretty relaxed and still had hope for a victory while little Nate thought otherwise. He made 90% of all the points made by the Bulls from this point on. With the Nets loosing the ball at the other end, the bulls converted at the other end. By the time the short clock was at 1:14, the bulls had made and 8:0 run, and the battle was far from done. This was quite unexpected for many reasons. The basketball played during the playoff is way more competitive such that it is rare to see an 8-0 run at a crucial point such as in this situation. In addition to this, the bulls were very short handed compared to a very health Brooklyn team with promissing reserves as well. It all came down to this; Who had the passion, who had the drive as one of the journlists noted. At this point, even though Little Nate was the main playmaker for the bulls, all the players stepped up their game. Everyone was alert. The rebounding was up, the defending up, the players seemed unstopable at this point. Still, everyone still doubted a bulls win who were still down by 6 points with 1:14 left on the clock. Notwithstanding, the bulls believed in themselves and kept the pace. With the players doing a great job, there was one man who can be reffered to at this point as the fuel, the coach, Tom Thibedeau. He was sensational, and constantly on his toes and he is regarded as someone who believes in winning with no regards to whoever is on the court, whether they are stars, superstars, rookies or average players. This was the mentality he impacted on the bulls despite the absence of their best player. With 1:11 left, the bulls continue to make their run through Nate. Relative to his performance that night, this little guy appeared very tall and not even Brook Lopez, a very big guy of 7 ft 0 and 275 lb on the opposing team could stop him. Lopez put a huge body on little Nate whose intelligence overcame the doggy defence. He continued to nock down shots to everyones suprise. Big things come in small packages one of the journalists said in reference to his astounding performance. Both teams were level at the end of the fourth quarter and headed for overtime. This was a turning point for both teams. While the nets played well, the bulls w ere clearly the team with the bigger drive to win. Nothing could be seen to limit the bulls not even age in the case of veteran center Nazr Mohammad, the oldest guy on the bulls roster who came off the bench and hit a huge basket with a great offensive rebound that  solidified the bulls win in the third overtime. In conclusion, the bulls win over the nets in game 4 of the 2013 NBA playoffs was a thriller and no body could have seen it coming. It is worth noting that, believe and hardwork was the driving force of such an unexpected comeback.

Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations – Charles Dickens ‘Great expectations’ is a novel written by Charles Dickens. He was interested in bringing about change and his novels dealt with such topics as justice and punishment, the widening gap between the rich and poor and so on. He believed that the divisions between the classes had produced a diseased and unhealthy society. During the Victorian society, women suffered many disadvantages. Women were dependent on men, unless they were rich. Women were expected to â€Å"serve† and obey their husbands. In this novel the main character is Ms. Havisham. Miss Havisham is an eccentric wealthy old woman who lives in a manor house near Pip’s village, who has isolated herself to take her revenge on men because ‘Compeyson’, the bride groom who she is supposed to get married left her on the day the marriage was fixed. This resulted in Ms. Havisham’s isolation. With a kind of manic, obsessive cruelty, Miss Havisham adopts Estella and raises her as a weapon to achieve her own revenge on men. She has raised Estella to be the instrument of her revenge, training her to break men’s hearts. Ms. Havisham calls on for Pip, a little boy to play in her house. He is both the character, whose actions make up the main plot of the novel, and the narrator, whose thoughts and attitudes shape the reader’s perception of the story. Pip meets Estella, the proud and haughty adopted daughter of Miss Havisham. She delights in humiliating Pip, calling him a common laboring boy with coarse hands. She want to make Pip fall in love with Estella so that she can take her revenge. Ms. Havisham represents Dickens view of woman who did not perfectly fulfil their female role as well as the rich upper class who he saw as â€Å"diseased†. The way Ms. Havisham speaks and also the language used by Dickens gives the reader a clear picture of her. The language used to describe her is exaggerated and unrealistic as this is the situation in which we find her in. This essay will explore whether this character is really unrealistic or whether Dickens intends to show Ms. Havisham to be exaggerated for a certain reason. On Pip’s first visit to Ms. Havisham’s house, ‘Satis house’, he observes a very old house which is barred. The house is made of ‘old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it.’ There was a large brewery at the side of the house and it seemed that there was no brewing going on there for a long time. The windows are all walled up. This gives the impression that the house has been isolated from the

Night World : Huntress Chapter 2

The skinhead's face was contorted, his eyes huge. He stared at her, breathing hard like a hurt animal. â€Å"I know,† Jez said. â€Å"You ran fast. You can't figure out how I ran faster.† â€Å"You're-not-human,† the skinhead panted. Except that he threw in a lot of other words, the kind humans liked to use when they were upset. â€Å"You guessed,† Jez said cheerfully, ignoring the obscenities. â€Å"You're not as dumb as you look.† â€Å"What-the hell-are you?† â€Å"Death.† Jez smiled at him. â€Å"Are you going to fight? I hope so.† He fumbled the gun up again. His hands were shaking so hard he could scarcely aim it. â€Å"I think you're out of ammo,† Jez said. â€Å"But anyway a branch would be better. You want me to break one off for you?† He pulled the trigger. The gun just clicked. He looked at it. Jez smiled at him, showing her teeth. She could feel them grow as she went into feeding mode. Her canines lengthening and curving until they were as sharp and delicate and translucent as a cat's. She liked the feel of them lightly indenting her lower lip as she half-opened her mouth. That wasn't the only change. She knew that her eyes were turning to liquid silver and her lips were getting redder and fuller as blood flowed into them in anticipation of feeding. Her whole body was taking on an indefinable charge of energy. The skinhead watched as she became more and more beautiful, more and more inhuman. And then he seemed to fold in on himself. With his back against a tree, he slid down until he was sitting on the ground in the middle of some pale brown oyster fungus. He was staring straight ahead. Jez's gaze was drawn to the double lightning bolt tattooed on his neck. Right. . . there, she thought. The skin seemed reasonably clean, and the smell of blood was enticing. It was running there, rich with adrenaline, in blue veins just under the surface. She was almost intoxicated just thinking about tapping it. Fear was good; it added that extra spice to the taste. Like Sweetarts. This was going to be good†¦. Then she heard a soft broken sound. The skinhead was crying. Not loud bawling. Not blubbering and begging. Just crying like a kid, slow tears trickling down his cheeks as he shook. â€Å"I thought better of you,† Jez said. She shook her hair out, tossed it in contempt. But something inside her seemed to tighten. He didn't say anything. He just stared at her- no, through her-and cried. Jez knew what he was seeing. His own death. â€Å"Oh, come on,† Jez said. â€Å"So you don't want to die. Who does? But you've killed people before. Your gang killed that guy Juan last week. You can dish it out, but you can't take it.† He still didn't say anything. He wasn't pointing the gun at her anymore; he was clutching it with both hands to his chest as if it were a teddy bear or something. Or maybe as if he were going to kill himself to get away from her. The muzzle of the gun was under his chin. The thing inside Jez tightened more. Tightened and twisted until she couldn't breathe. What was wrong with her? He was just a human, and a human of the worst kind. He deserved to die, and not just because she was hungry. But the sound of that crying †¦ It seemed to pull at her. She had a feeling almost of deja vu, as if this had all happened before-but it hadn't. She knew it hadn't. The skinhead spoke at last. â€Å"Do it quick,† he whispered. And Jez's mind was thrown into chaos. With just those words she was suddenly not in the forest anymore. She was falling into nothingness, whirling and spinning, with nothing to grab hold of. She saw pictures in bright, disjointed flashes. Nothing made sense; she was plunging in darkness with scenes unreeling before her helpless eyes. â€Å"Do it quickly,† somebody whispered. A flash and Jez saw who: a woman with dark red hair and delicate, bony shoulders. She had a face like a medieval princess. â€Å"I won't fight you,† the woman said. â€Å"Kill me. But let my daughter live.† Mother†¦ These were her memories. She wanted to see more of her mother-she didn't have any conscious memory of the woman who'd given birth to her. But instead there was another flash. A little girl was huddled in a corner, shaking. The child had flame-bright hair and eyes that were neither silver nor blue. And she was so frightened †¦ Another flash. A tall man running to the child. Turning around, standing in front of her. â€Å"Leave her alone! It's not her fault. She doesn't have to die!† Daddy. Her parents, who'd been killed when she was four. Executed by vampire hunters†¦. Another flash and she saw fighting. Blood. Dark figures struggling with her mother and father. And screaming that wouldn't quite resolve into words. And then one of the dark figures picked up the little girl in the corner and held her up high†¦ and Jez saw that he had fangs. He wasn't a vampire hunter; he was a vampire. And the little girl, whose mouth was open in a wail, had none. All at once, Jez could understand the screaming. â€Å"Kill her! Kill the human! Kill the freak!† They were screaming it about her. Jez came back to herself. She was in Muir Woods, kneeling in the ferns and moss, with the skinhead cowering in front of her. Everything was the same†¦ but everything was different. She felt dazed and terrified. What did it mean? It was just some bizarre hallucination. It had to be. She knew how her parents had died. Her mother had been murdered outright by the vampire hunters. Her father had been mortally wounded, but he'd managed to carry the four-year-old Jez to his brother's house before he died. Uncle Bracken had raised her, and he'd told her the story over and over. But that screaming†¦ It didn't mean anything. It couldn't. She was Jez Redfern, more of a vampire than anyone, even Morgead. Of all the lamia, the vampires who could have children, her family was the most important. Her uncle Bracken was a vampire, and so was his father, and his father's father, all the way back to Hunter Redfern. But her mother†¦ What did she know about her mother's family? Nothing. Uncle Bracken always just said that they'd come from the East Coast. Something inside Jez was trembling. She didn't want to frame the next question, but the words came into her mind anyway, blunt and inescapable. What if her mother had been human? That would make Jez†¦ No. It wasn't possible. It wasn't just that Night World law forbade vampires to fall in love with humans. It was that there was no such thing as a vampire-human hybrid. It couldn't be done; it had never been done in twenty thousand years. Anybody like that would be a freak†¦. The trembling inside her was getting worse. She stood up slowly and only vaguely noticed when the skinhead made a sound of fear. She couldn't focus on him. She was staring between the redwood trees. If it were true †¦ it couldn't be true, but if it were true†¦ she would have to leave everything. Uncle Bracken. The gang. And Morgead. She'd have to leave Morgead. For some reason that made her throat close convulsively. And she would go †¦ where? What kind of a place was there for a half-human half-vampire freak? Nowhere in the Night World. That was certain. The Night People would have to kill any creature like that. The skinhead made another sound, a little whimper. Jez bunked and looked at him. It couldn't be true, but all of a sudden she didn't care about killing him anymore. In fact, she had a feeling like slow horror creeping over her, as if something in her brain was tallying up all the humans she'd hurt and killed over the years. Something was taking over her legs, making her knees rubbery. Something was crushing her chest, making her feel as if she were going to be sick. â€Å"Get out of here,† she whispered to the skinhead. He shut his eyes. When he spoke it was in a kind of moan. â€Å"You'll just chase me.† â€Å"No.† But she understood his fear. She was a huntress. She'd chased so many people. So many humans †¦ Jez shuddered violently and shut her eyes. It was as if she had suddenly seen herself in a mirror and the image was unbearable. It wasn't Jez the proud and fierce and beautiful. It was Jez the murderer. I have to stop the others. The telepathic call she sent out was almost a scream. Everybody! This is Jez. Come to me, right now! Drop what you're doing and come! She knew they'd obey-they were her gang, after all. But none of them except Morgead had enough telepathic power to answer across the distance. What's wrong? he said. Jez stood very still. She couldn't tell him the truth. Morgead hated humans. If he even knew what she suspected†¦ the way he would look at her†¦ He would be sickened. Not to mention that he'd undoubtedly have to kill her. I'll explain later, she told him, feeling numb. I just found out-that it's not safe to feed here. Then she cut the telepathic link short. She was afraid he'd sense too much of what was going on inside her. She stood with her arms wrapped around herself, staring between the trees. Then she glanced at the skinhead, who was still huddled in the sword fern. There was one last thing she had to do with him. Ignoring his wild flinching, she stretched out her hand. Touched him, once, on the forehead with an extended finger. A gentle, precise contact. â€Å"Remember†¦ nothing,† she said. â€Å"Now go.† She felt the power flow out of her, wrapping itself around the skinhead's brain, changing its chemistry, rearranging his thoughts. It was something she was very good at. The skinhead's eyes went blank. Jez didn't watch him as he began to crawl away. All she could think of now was getting to Uncle Bracken. He would answer her questions; he would explain. He would prove to her that none of it was true. He'd make everything all right.

Sales Management Plan

The beverage product that will be developed in the market will be made from ginger. This product aims to help the customers avoid digestive problems, arthritis, and blood circulation. Aside from that, it will give the market a new taste of beverage that is definitely unique from ordinary juices that they can purchase from the supermarkets. The brand will be introduced to its target market as a bottled beverage with different variants to choose from. While many love the aromatic smell of ginger, there are still some who do not like its taste; therefore, the product will be produced with different flavors like what the prominent manufacturers had done to their tea products. General Market Analysis The target markets for this product are the young professionals, sports active individuals, and adults with the age of 35 years old and up. This segment was chosen because of their lifestyle and their need for a product with proper vitamins and benefits to keep away from diseases. Furthermore, this is the cluster of the society that is highly conscious about their health. Any person may drink the ginger product because of the health benefits that it may provide to the consumers; however, in order to make the promotion consistent and to easily gain a strong position in the marketplace, all the advertising campaigns and promotional tools for this product will be intended for the segment that is being targeted for this item (Beri, 2006). Industry Analysis. Unlike other consumer goods in the market, this product will have lesser direct competitors because only a few companies offering this type of good to the customers are currently trying to penetrate the market. However, the biggest challenge that the company needs to face upon market penetration is to have a competitive and persuasive approach that would make the target consumers buy the product. Today, Buderim Ginger is recognized as the leading manufacturer of ginger products (Buderim, 2002). Apparently, beverage products of this company will be the direct competitor of the ginger brand that will be introduced in the marketplace. Product Attributes Even though some people are already aware that ginger can be an alternative to other tea products, the product may appear totally new in the market. With the existence of prominent beverage products in the market, the company will highlight the following attributes in promoting the ginger product in the emerging market: ? With a unique combination of ginger and fruit flavors to choose from. ? Aromatic smell of ginger in liquid form. ? Contains vitamins and minerals to avoid diseases. ? For body resistance and health maintenance. Handy packaging for customer’s convenience. ? Different flavors and bottle sizes in affordable prices. Financial Analysis and Sales Forecast The budget allocation for ginger beverage will include marketing research, production, machinery and factory expenses, promotion, and distribution expenses. Prior to the release of the product, the company is expected to spend the 60% of the budget for the development of the marketing plan and t he mass production of ginger beverage, and the other 40% will be allotted for the advertisement and distribution of goods to the target market. On its first six months in the market, the company expects to generate a profit of at least 30% of the entire production budget. Sales Objectives Basically, the objective of the company before and after the production of goods in the market is to make the product salable in the market in order to gain profit; however, the product that is new in the market has a greater challenge than those that already exist in the store shelves. The sales objectives of the company are: To reach at least 30% of the expected profit in the first six months after the release of the product in the marketplace. ? To persuade at least three-fourths (?) of the entire target market to buy the product. Sales Personnel Needs The sales personnel will undergo trainings and seminars before finally selling the product. At the end of the training period, the sales team should have enough knowledge about the product that the company will offer to the customers. Ginger product could be new to the target consumers. Therefore, the sales personnel should possess the will and determination to persuade the consumers that the product that they are going to sell to the public possesses the exact attributes that they portray on the promotional tools. Sales Territory Design The product will be introduced and distributed to selected states in the United States. The limited production and pull strategy in terms of distribution will help the company to evade early decline stage. The states that have the highest population and percentage of target market will be the pioneering market for the ginger product. Sales Compensation Program The compensation of the sales team will depend on the quota set by the company. The company will set a quota for a sales team and give bonuses for every excess amount or work that the sales personnel will accomplish to promote and sell the product. Sales Personnel Qualifications The product that will be sold in the market may capture the attention of the market because of the idea that it is new in the market. However, this fact may also be the reason why the target customers may overlook the item. In this manner, the company needs to hire people who have enough knowledge and information about the product that is being sold in the market and capability to persuade the customers regardless of the uniqueness of the ginger product. Performance Measurement The number of sales done and percentage of the target market that the sales team has acquired will be the basis of performance of the sales personnel. The number of deal closed will be taken into consideration, and the profit that the company gained will be evaluated to measure the effectiveness of the sales strategies.

Postcolonial Literature Essay Example

Postcolonial Literature Essay Example Postcolonial Literature Essay Postcolonial Literature Essay Postcolonial literature 1. What is postcolonial literature? Postcolonial literature, a category devised to replace and expand upon what was once called Commonwealth Literature. As a label, it thus covers a very wide range of writings from countries that were once colonies or dependencies of the European powers. There has been much debate about the scope of the term: should predominantly white ex-colonies like Ireland, Canada, and Australia be included? why are the United States exempted both from the accepted list of former colonies and rom the category of colonizing powers? In practice, the term is applied most often to writings from Africa, the Indian sub-continent the Caribbean, and other regions whose histories during the 20th century are marked by colonialism, anti-colonial movements, and subsequent transitions to post-Independence society. Critical attention to this large body of work in academic contexts is often influenced by a distinct school of postcolonial theory which developed in the 1980s and 1990s, under the influence of Edward W. Saids landmark study Orientalism (1978). Postcolonial heory considers vexed cultural-political questions of national and ethnic identity, otherness, race, imperialism, and language, during and after the colonial periods. It draws upon post-structuralist theories such as those of deconstruction in order to unravel the complex relations between imperial centre and colonial periphery, often in ways that have been criticized for being excessively abstruse. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx In a broad sense, postcolonial literature is writing which has been affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day (Ashcroft et al, ). In Indias case, this includes novels, poetry,and drama which were written both during and after the British Raj or Reign, which came to a formal conclusion with Indian Independence in August 1947. Although writing from India and other formerly colonized countries such as Nigeria, Jamaica, Pakistan, and Singapore has distinctive features, postcolonial literature shares some significant concerns and characteristics. Concerns Reclaiming spaces and places. Colonialism was, above all, a means of claiming and exploiting foreign lands, resources, and people. Enslavement, indentured labor, and migration forced many indigenous populations to move from the places that they consideredhome. Postcolonial literature attempts to counteract their resulting alienation from their surroundings by restoring a connection between indigenous people and places through description, narration, and dramatization 2) Asserting cultural integrity During colonization, the indigenous cultures of those countries subjected to foreign rule were otten sidelined, suppressed, and openly denigrated in tavor ot elevating he social and cultural preferences and conventions of the colonizers. In response, much postcolonial literature seeks to assert the richness and validity of indigenous cultures in an effort to restore pride in practices and traditions thatwere systematically degraded under colonialism. 3) Revising history Colonizers often depicted their colonial subjects as existing outside of history in unchanging, timeless societies, unable to progress or develop without their in tervention and assistance. In this way, they Justified their actions, including violence gainst those who resisted colonial rule. Revising history to tell things from the perspective of those colonized is thus a major preoccupation of postcolonial writing . Characteristics Resistant descriptions Postcolonial writers use detailed descriptions of indigenous people, places, and practices to counteract or resist the stereotypes, inaccuracies, and generalizations which the colonizers circulated in educational, legal, political, and social texts and settings. 2) Appropriation of the colonizers language Although many colonized countries are home to multiple indigenous languages -in India, for example, more than 12 languages exist alongside English many postcolonial writers choose to write in the colonizers tongue. However, authors such as Arundhati Roy deliberately play with English, remolding it to reflect the rhythms and syntax of indigenous languages, and inventing new words and styles to demonstrate mastery of a language that was, in a sense, forced upon them. 3) Reworking colonial art-forms Similarly, authors such as Arundhati Roy rework European art-forms like the novel to reflect indigenous modes of invention and creation. They reshape imported co Ionial rt-forms to incorporate the style, structure, and themes of indigenous modes of creative expression, such as oral poetry and dramatic performances. 2. How do you understand the term: to docolonize the mind? In my opinion this concept is related toa Postcolonial frame of reference. The idea of decolonizing the mind is one where an individual seeks to construct a reality outside of the Colonial element that has been constructed for them. The idea of decolonizing the mind relates to the individual experience of a social or political reality. In this concept, here are certain elements of cultural capital that go along with Colonization that directly impac ts the individual. What is considered right, Just, tair, beautitul, acceptable, and normative are all challenged when one seeks to decolonize the mind and envision a Postcolonial world. This becomes one of the fundamental issues behind postcolonial literature, namely how does an individual define their own existence beyond a colonial one that has sought to define them for so long. Essentially, in the decolonization of mind one has to define themselves, a process that is challenged when one has been defined. This shifting from object to subject becomes one of the primary focal points of decolonization of the mind. 3. What is diaspora in postcolonial context? A diaspora is a scattered population with a common origin in a smaller geographic area. The word can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. [2][3] The word has come to refer particularly to historical mass dispersions of an involuntary nature, such as the expulsion of Jews from Europe, the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the southern Chinese during the coolie slave trade, r the century-long exile of the Messenians under Spartan rule. 3] Recently, scholars have distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its causes such as imperialism, trade or labor migrations, or by the kind of social coherence within the diaspora community and its ties to the ancestral lands. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. Other qualities that may be typical of man y diasporas are thoughts of return, relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full assimilation into the host country. ] The word diaspora derives from a Greek word that means scattering or dispersion, and from that original sense is derived another meaning which encompasses human migration and movement away from a perceived homeland. In this sense, human history has witnessed various kinds of diaspora at different points of time, some willing, as in the case of those migrating in the search of better employment, a better life, and some involuntary under the pressures of political or social persecution or as a result of natural catastrophe or of imperialisms.

Evaluation of China as a business destination The WritePass Journal

Evaluation of China as a business destination Introduction Evaluation of China as a business destination IntroductionPolitical Factors:Factors influencing Business procedures:A few advantages:Weakness of the market for business:Economic factors:Taxes:Social and cultural factors: Cultural factors affecting business procedures:Technological Factors:BibliographyRelated Introduction China also known as PRC (People’s Republic of China) is the third largest country in the world. The country stands first with its population estimating to a 1,330,141,295 (1.3 billion) as of July 2010. China is also predicted to consume 29% of the world’s luxury goods by 2015 which precisely signifies the consumers spending ability. China has a high spending middle class even after the financial instability which makes it a prospective business destination. Beijing is the capital of China and Shanghai also known as the financial capital of the country is the largest city in China. Beijing, Shanghai, Guang Zhou, Shen Zhen is China foremost cities for business and commercial activities. Although China is one country by itself, due to the history and differences in culture in every province, this makes every province akin to small little countries that has different needs and wants. For example, there are different policies in certain provinces; also, due to the difference s in geographical area that is spreading horizontally throughout the globe and difference in weather, consumers from different provinces have different needs and wants. Thus, any firms that wants to enter into different provinces in China has to do a thorough research before entering and not taking granted by using the same entry strategies, knowledge and marketing efforts to enter into different provinces in China. Even though, new market entry is likely to boost a company’s revenue, productivity and profit, Market entry without proper analysis will be a costly experience for the company but a hasty decision to not enter may lead to loss of extensive profits and market shares (Hollensen, 2004). However, in our project, we will only be looking into Shanghai as it is the financial capital of the country and has the most robust commercial activities as compared to the rest of the china. Shanghai has been growing exponentially since the past few years and is expected to grow eve n more (BBC News, 2011). As Takeomega 3 is looking for international market, especially in China, we are here to explore the feasibility and attractiveness of Shanghai market using PEST analysis. Political Factors: China acts like a single unit where the Chinese communist party (CCP) governs all the political powers. The above map shows the different administrative zones of the country. According to Euromonitor International (2005a) there are three areas which threaten the political stability of the country. 1] Differences in the rich and poor areas in China: The tensions are growing between these two areas and also the government has to handle the separatist movements in Tibet, Xinjiang. (Euromonitor International, 2005a) 2] Unstable Pension system: The pension system in the country is on the verge of a breakdown. As of now only 6 out of 31 regional pension funds are solvent. (Euromonitor International, 2005a) 3] International issues with neighboring countries: There are issues with the neighboring countries like Taiwan on the basis of political belongings, and also issues with Hong Kong with pro democracy activists and with Japan on the topic of exploitation of natural resources (Euromonitor International, 2005a). These factors can lead to political instability which can hamper the market entry for our firm. Other factors that can be linked with issues relating to our market entry are issues like corruption in the country and the business entry procedures. Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index indicates China with a 3.2 index compared to 8.2 of Europe and 3.9 of Asia, corruption index being 1 as highly corrupt and 10 being the lowest. Factors influencing Business procedures: Some of the upcoming business destinations can be middle-east and emerging markets. It is important to consider the time taken to complete business procedures. The business procedures to enter the Chinese market are however a bit problematic. On an average it takes 12 separate procedures and 41 days to start a business compared to 9 procedures and 61 days to start a business in Middle East. Moreover the system is also strict in closing down the business. It approximately takes 2.6 years to close down compared to 1.8 years compared to OECD countries. To enforce a contract, 20 separate procedures and 180 days are required compared to 18 procedures and 213 days in OECD countries (Business monitor international, 2006a).Thus it can be seen, compared to other emerging business destinations China has a monotonous approach for business procedures. A few advantages: When it comes to do business overseas, it is essential to know the global reputation of the country or its market. There are institutions and governing bodies which help international trade. China being a member of the IMF (International monetary Fund), World Bank, Asian development Bank, General Agreements on Trade and tariffs and most importantly WTO (World trade organization) promote orderly and stable foreign exchange markets, maintain free convertibility among the currencies of member nations as well as reduce international barriers to trade and provide liquidity to counteract temporary imbalances in international finances.   This can be an advantage for our firm since it makes our target country reliable to carry out business (Jeannet Hennessey, 2004). Weakness of the market for business: In spite of these advantages China has been known for its weak IPR (Intellectual property rights) and has also been blamed by its previous trading partners for inducing price dumping strategies to overcome its competitors (Business monitor international, 2006a).There have been developments to protect IPR   since it became a member of the WTO however these laws have not been implemented that efficiently with fines still being imposed (Business monitor international, 2006a). This in turn can be hazardous for the business hence maintaining control on these things is of utmost importance to enjoy profits as well as keep the brand name established. To overcome these negative impacts on the firm and avoid counterfeiting the following steps can be taken: 1] To register the product and the logo in China, doing so will overcome the issue of counterfeiting the product by local manufacturers. 2] The next step is to get the product certified by the SFDA (State food and drug administration). Economic factors: China is undoubtedly playing as a primary engine of growth considering the role played by United States of America since mid 2003. Despite the financial crisis the global growth in emerging countries remain favorable. With China’s rapid start in 2010 economic growth is likely to slow down because of the partial normalization of the macro policy stance and some property measures. The GDP growth for 2010 as a whole is expected to be around 9.5% and 8.5% for 2011.But the advantage here is that the growth will be less investment driven and more because of external or foreign trade (World Bank group, 2010). The GDP of the Shanghai region individually is $450bn ( £225bn). Furthermore the Shanghai region along with the two neighboring provinces contributes to 30% of Chinas foreign exports and attracts 25% of all foreign investment into China (Schifferes, 2007).This makes it favorable for a firm to export Shanghai with increasing potential for profit margins. Shanghai has high numbe r of FDI’s rather than foreign loans moreover FDI are less risky compared to any other financing source. The country itself is still the largest receiver of FDI’s in the world (Business monitor international, 2006a). Inflation would remain in limit this year due to nonexistence of price pressures. Inflation is increasing but core inflation remains low (World Bank group, 2010).Active labor force comprises of approximately 737 million and unemployment rate is 3.6 %and is also expected to increase due to internal migration and urbanization (Business monitor international, 2006a). Moreover Shanghai is known for its sophisticated and affluent consumers and highly educated skilled labor force. By 2020, shanghai is expected to expand greater than New York in 1997 which was the richest city in the world (Schifferes, 2007). This is the reason why choosing Shanghai over any other cities in China is preferred. Taxes: China has decreased its import tariffs by 40 % since 1990.China has dual tax regime imposing different for Domestic and foreign firms more importantly the same in Shanghai.   Although the state tax rate for foreign companies can be reduced by 15% if the firms are located in special administrative zones (Business monitor international, 2006a). The standard rate of VAT is 17%. This is generally applicable on sale and import of goods. There is a reduced rate of 13% which is applicable for books and certain types of oils. Small sized businesses with a turnover of less than the legally defined limit pay 3% VAT (www.worldwide-tax.com, 2011). Social and cultural factors: The society in China and till a certain extent across the globe has come to a stage of â€Å"mistrust† due to the exaggerate claims in advertisement made by the merchants.   Consumers have lost confidence in nutritional products and find it difficult and confusing in believing and judging in one. At the initial stage, merchants advertise to create awareness amongst consumer about the quality of their products. The more advertisement it has, higher will be the sales they would be able to attain. However, too much advertisement brings about a question of quantity Vs quality. As many a times those claims made by the advertisement concluded to be false. Eventually consumers came to a stage where their mindset has changed. They have started to believe that consuming natural food itself is better than consuming processed food supplements. Furthermore natural food gives better results than the fake and over exaggerated food supplements â€Å"è  ¯Ã¨ ¡ ¥Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ© £Å¸Ã¨ ¡ ¥Ã ¢â‚¬ . This has led the Chinese government to impose strict laws in China especially Beijing and Shanghai in order to deal with the trust level in China’s market. Shanghai being the most crucial city for new businesses it is essential to deal with this matter in a thoughtful way in order to be able to sell your product and achieve brand recognition. Shanghai’s life expectancy has increased to that of the economically developed economies and figuratively is 75.18 and 79.21 for women (shme, 2011).   The average age is 25-59 years and is dominated by male population (Euromonitor International, 2005a). As of 2009, the per capita income was $6500 which has increased compared to previous years and is the highest in Asia (Datamonitor, 2010). The average per capita savings deposit among local residents had skyrocketed from 166 yuan in 1978 to 20,909 yuan in 1997 and has been still increasing (shme, 2011). This indicates decline in poverty which means increase in purchasing power of the consumer. This signifies a potential market. Statistics have shown that there is a growing market for health products (supplements) and demand mainly comes from 2 groups of people white collar consumer who face pressure and work in high risk profile companies and also employees that involve lots of entertaining work and consume very high cholesterol and carbohydrate enriched food like seafood and high protein food like eggs and also animals organs (which is highly popular amongst the Chinese). With development of Shanghai’s   economy, consumer now has higher income to pay and care about their health by purchasing these health supplement products and this precisely explained why the increasing growing trend of these products in the country. Increasingly, Chinese consumers are behaving like their counterparts in the developed world. They are more demanding and pragmatic than ever as their horizons expand beyond basic concerns about product features. Also, they are willing to pay for better value and quality and are spen ding more time researching and are exploring product nuances. Yet McKinsey’s 2010 survey of China’s consumers also found that they are blazing a uniquely Chinese trail. The country obviously offers some of the world’s biggest growth opportunities- but only for consumer product companies that understand and respond to this rapidly evolving marketplace. The floating population which means internal migrated population was recorded at 140 million in 2005. Due to urbanization a lot of population keeps migrating to the major cities like Shanghai and Beijing, which provide cheap labour but puts stress on the city infrastructure and most of the people remaining unemployed (Datamonitor, 2010).Adult literacy rate of Shanghai is 91.6% which signifies knowledgeable customers and more potential target market (Datamonitor, 2010).Although because of the one child policy there have been issues with ageing population. As a result it is expected to increase in forthcoming years and decrease in productive output and target consumers for the future (Datamonitor, 2010). Moreover Shanghai population has one of the highest savings rate in the world where people prefer to save more than invest due to cultural risk. This issue needs to be given a thought and dealt in productive manner since people don’t invest which indicates more liquidity in cash flows. Cultural factors affecting business procedures: Chinese consumers remain brand conscious but, unlike shoppers elsewhere, they focus on value so intensely that brand loyalty is often secondary. Since there are so many brands in Shanghai itself it becomes difficult for a consumer to choose and hence they opt for a product defining high value or comparatively low cost. The needs or interests of their families have greater importance for them than for their counterparts in the developed world. Word of mouth has become a more significant source of product information than it is elsewhere, thanks largely to fast-growing use of the Internet, which Chinese consumers see as a credible information source. Most intriguingly, though, Shanghai’s consumers prioritize purchases across different product categories by trading off among them: the Consumers maximize their buying power by spending more in the categories they care about most and less in others. Also, the trends in the target market keep changing depending on the local circumstances.   Chinese have a high context culture hence it is crucial to know the cultural background of the partner (Johansson, 2003). People from Shanghai mix emotions with business hence they value individualism and work towards economic welfare (Chen, 2004). People in Shanghai treat foreigners equally and laws are more stringent than any other parts of China (Chen, 2004). People in China more importantly in Shanghai are influenced by the packaging. Especially colors play an important role for example: red exemplifying happiness. Many companies that have struggled to find a niche in China may therefore now find a market for their products and attract partners. Conversely, companies that have relied on low-cost, low-quality business models may end up on the losing end of trade-off decisions and could require a shift to value Technological Factors: In recent years, American and Europe supplement products have taken a different and more innovative route by developing new design, new function, new way of consuming, new style supplement products. This knowledge has also been transferred to China through its financial capital Shanghai. This better and more advanced technology brings about better purity and quality and enhances the absorption capability in the body to take place. These occur in capsule, tablets and recently into liquid and concentrate products. These supplements are also offered in candy form, biscuit, can, vinegar and Mi Jian- dry preservatives fruits. Products that are targeting at low cholesterol, low fats and carbohydrates market are proven to be the most popular amongst all nutritional products. Products that are offered in herbal type like tea, protein, herbal plants, has the highest sales relatively. Thus the technical knowhow of manufacturing, packaging and other functions is well advanced in Shanghai (China ) and hence it can get difficult for a foreign company to keep up with the competition. Moreover RD spent in China is 2% in 2010 and is aiming to increase it to 2.5% by 2020 (Business week, 2006). Transportation network has improved immensely through the expressways. The length is 74000 km as of 2010. Moreover Shanghai is building the world’s largest container port at an island connecting with a six lane bridge to the city (Schifferes, 2007). This will provide assurance for safe and faster transportation of the products and prove beneficial not only for TakeOmega3 but its competitors as well. Bibliography BBC News. (2011, February 22). China Country Profile. Retrieved February 24, 2011, from BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1287798.stm Business monitor international. (2006a). Business Environment: China Q2 2006. United kingdom: business monitor international ltd. Business week. (2006, March 31). Blinding Science: Chinas Race to Innovate. Retrieved March 5, 2011, from Bloomberg Businessweek: businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2006/gb20060331_921612.htm Chen, M. (2004). Common culture,different stiles. China Business review , 31 (5), 53-58. Datamonitor. (2010). China: Country analysis report. Datamonitor. Euromonitor International. (2005a). China. United Kingdom: Euromonitor plc. Hollensen, S. (2004). Global marketing: A decision-oriented approach. Edinburgh: Pearson Education limited. Jeannet, J. P., Hennessey, H. D. (2004). The global economy. In J. P. Jeannet, H. D. Hennessey, Global marketing strategies (Vol. 6th edition, pp. 47-50). boston: Houghton Mifflin. Johansson, J. K. (2003). Global Marketing: foreign entry, local marketing, global management. New York: The McGraw Hill companies Inc. Schifferes, s. (2007, May 7). Shanghai: Creating a global city. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from BBC Home: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6618163.stm shme. (2011, march 10). whats shanghai. Retrieved march 10, 2011, from sh me: shme.com/intro/people.htm World Bank group. (2010). Quarterly update-June 2010. Beijing: World Bank office. www.worldwide-tax.com. (2011, March 4). China V.A.T. and Other Taxes 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2011, from www.worldwide-tax.com: worldwide-tax.com/china/chi_other.asp

Caesars Gallic Wars and Vercingetorix

Caesar's Gallic Wars and Vercingetorix One of Gauls most colorful historical figures is Vercingetorix, who acted as war chief for all the Gallic tribes who were trying to throw off the Roman yoke during the Gallic Wars. Vercingetorix and Caesar are the main figures in Book VII of De Bello Gallico, Caesars narrative about his wars in Gaul, although the Roman allies, the Aedui, also play a large role. This period of revolt follows the earlier Gallic battles at Bibracte, Vosges, and Sabis. By the end of Book VII Caesar has put down the Gallic revolt. The following is a summary of Book VII of De Bello Gallico, with some explanatory notes. Vercingetorix, son of Celtillus, a member of the Gallic tribe of Arverni, sent ambassadors out to Gallic tribes not yet allied with him asking them to join him in his endeavor to get rid of the Romans. By peaceful means or by attacking, he added troops from the Gallic tribes of the Senones (the tribe connected with the band of Gauls responsible for the sack of Rome in 390 B.C.), Parisii, Pictones, Cadurci, Turones, Aulerci, Lemovice, the Ruteni, and others to his own armed forces. Vercingetorix had used the Roman system of demanding hostages to ensure loyalty and ordered a levy of troops from each of these groups. He then took supreme command. He tried to ally the Biturgies, but they resisted and sent ambassadors to the Aedui for help against Vercingetorix. The Biturgies were dependents of the Aedui and the Aedui were allies of Rome (Brothers and Kinsmen of the Roman People 1.33). The Aedui started to help but then turned back perhaps because, as they said, they suspected the Biturgi es of complicity with the Arverni. Perhaps because they lacked the support of the Aedui, the Biturgies gave in to Vercingetorix. It is possible the Aedui already planned to revolt against Rome. When Caesar heard about the alliance, he realized it was a threat, so he left Italy and set out for Transalpine Gaul, a Roman province since 121 B.C., but he didnt have his regular army, although he did have some German cavalry and troops he had in Cisalpine Gaul. He had to figure out how to reach the main forces without putting them in danger. Meanwhile, Vercingetorix ambassador, Lucterius, continued to gain allies. He added the Nitiobriges and Gabali and then headed to Narbo, which was in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, so Caesar headed to Narbo, which made Lucterius retreat. Caesar changed his direction and advanced into the territory of the Helvii, then on to the borders of the Arverni. Vercingetorix marched his troops there in order to defend his people. Caesar, no longer able to do without the rest of his forces, left Brutus in command while he went to Vienna where his cavalry was stationed. Next stop was the Aedui, one of Romes main allies in Gaul, and where two of Cae sars legions were wintering. From there, Caesar sent word to the other legions of the danger presented by Vercingetorix, ordering them to come to his assistance ASAP. Vellaunodunum When Vercingetorix learned what Caesar was doing, he headed back to the Biturgies and then to the non-allied Boiian town of Gergovia in order to attack it. Caesar sent ahead messages to the Boii to encourage them to resist. Heading towards the Boii, Caesar left two legions at Agendicum. En route, at the Senones town of Vellaunodunum, Caesar decided to attack so there wouldnt be an enemy on his heels. He also figured he would take the opportunity to gain provisions for his troops. Especially during the winter when there was little to forage, having food could decide the outcome of a battle. Because of this, allied towns that werent potential enemies at ones back might still be destroyed to make sure the enemy army starved or retreated. This is what Vercingetorix would soon develop as one of his main policies. After Caesars troops surrounded Vellaunodunum, the town sent out their ambassadors. Caesar ordered them to surrender their weapons and to bring out their cattle and 600 hostages. With arrangements made and Trebonius left in charge, Caesar set out for Genabum, a Carnute town that had been preparing to send troops to help Vellaunodum fight, Caesar. The Romans pitched camp and when the townspeople tried to escape at night via a bridge across the Loire River, Caesars troops took possession of the town, pillaged and burned it, and then headed across the Loire bridge into the Biturgies territory. Noviodunum This move prompted Vercingetorix to stop his siege of Gergovia. He marched towards Caesar who was beginning a siege of Noviodunum. Noviodunum ambassadors begged Caesar to pardon them and spare them. Caesar ordered their weapons, horses, and hostages. While Caesars men went into town to gather up the arms and horses, Vercingetorix army appeared on the horizon. This inspired the people of Noviodunum to take up arms and shut the gates, backing down from their surrender. Since the people of Noviodunum were going back on their word, Caesar attacked. The town lost a number of men before the town surrendered again. Avaricum Caesar then marched to Avaricum, a well-fortified town in the Biturgies territory. Before responding to this new threat, Vercingetorix called a war council, telling the other leaders that the Romans must be kept from getting provisions. Since it was winter, foraged provisions were hard to come by and the Romans would have to leave. Vercingetorix suggested a scorched-earth policy. If a property lacked a good defense it would be burned. In this way, they destroyed 20 of their own Biturgies towns. The Biturgies begged that Vercingetorix not burn their noblest city, Avaricum. He relented, reluctantly. Vercingetorix then set up camp 15 miles from Avaricum and whenever Caesars men went foraging at a distance, some of Vercingetorix men attacked them. Caesar meanwhile built towers but could not build a wall around the city, as he would have wished, because it was enclosed by rivers and marshes. Caesar besieged the town for 27 days building towers and walls while the Gauls built countering devices. The Romans finally had success with a sudden attack, which frightened many of the Gauls into flight. And so, the Romans entered the town and massacred the inhabitants. About 800 in Caesars reckoning escaped to reach Vercingetorix. Caesars troops found ample provisions, and by this time winter was almost over. Vercingetorix was able to calm the other leaders despite all the recent disasters. Especially in the case of Avaricum, He could say the Romans didnt defeat them by valor but by a new technique the Gauls hadnt seen before, and besides, he might have said, he had wanted to torch Avaricum but had only left it standing because of the pleas of the Biturgies. The allies were appeased and supplied Vercingetorix with replacement troops for those he had lost. He even added allies to his roster, including Teutomarus, the son of Ollovicon, the king of the Nitiobriges, who was a friend of Rome on the basis of a formal treaty (amicitia). Aeduan Revolt The Aedui, Romes allies, came to Caesar with their political problem: their tribe was led by a king who held power for a year, but this year there were two contenders, Cotus and Convitolitanis. Caesar was afraid that if he didnt arbitrate, one side would turn to Vercingetorix for support of its cause, so he stepped in. Caesar decided against Cotus and in favor of Convitolitanis. He then asked the Aedui to send him all their cavalry plus 10,000 infantry. Caesar split his army and gave Labienus 4 legions to lead north, towards the Senones and Parisii while he led 6 legions into Arverni country towards Gergovia, which was on the banks of the Allier. Vercingetorix broke down all bridges over the river, but this proved only a temporary set-back for the Romans. The two armies pitched their camps on opposite banks and Caesar rebuilds a bridge. Caesars men headed to Gergovia. Meanwhile, Convictolitanis, the man Caesar had chosen to be king of the Aedui, treacherously conferred with the Arverni, who told him that the Aeduans holding out was preventing the allied Gauls from being victorious against the Romans. By this time the Gauls realized their freedom was at stake and having the Romans around to arbitrate and help them against other invaders meant the loss of freedom and heavy demands in terms of soldiers and supplies. Between such arguments and bribes made to the Aedui by the allies of Vercingetorix, the Aedui were convinced. One of those in on the discussion was Litavicus, who was put in charge of the infantry being sent to Caesar. He headed towards Gergovia, providing protection for some Roman citizens on the way. When they were near Gergovia, Litavicus riled up his troops against the Romans. He falsely claimed the Romans had killed some of their favorite leaders. His men then tortured and killed the Romans under their protection. Some rode off to th e other Aeduan towns to convince them to resist and avenge themselves on the Romans, as well. Not all Aeduans agreed. One in the company of Caesar learned of Litavicus actions and told Caesar. Caesar then took some of his men with him and rode to the army of the Aedui and presented to them those very men they thought the Romans had killed. The army lay down its arms and submitted themselves. Caesar spared them and marched back towards Gergovia. Gergovia When Caesar finally reached Gergovia, he surprised the inhabitants. At first, all was going well for the Romans in the conflict, but then fresh Gallic troops arrived. Many of Caesars troops did not hear when he called for a retreat. Instead, they continued to fight and try to plunder the city. Many were killed but they still did not stop. Finally, ending the days engagement, Vercingetorix, as the victor, called off the fight for the day when new Roman legions arrived. Adrian Goldsworthy says an estimated 700 Roman soldiers and 46 centurions were killed. Caesar dismissed two important Aeduans, Viridomarus and Eporedorix, who went to the Aeduan town of Noviodunum on the Loire, where they learned that further negotiations were being made between the Aeduans and the Arvernians. They burned the town so the Romans couldnt feed themselves from it and began to build up armed garrisons around the river. When Caesar heard of these developments he thought he should put down the revolt quickly before the armed force grew too large. This he did, and after his troops had surprised the Aeduans, they took the food and cattle they found in the fields and then marched off to the territory of the Senones. Meanwhile, other Gallic tribes heard of the revolt of the Aedui. Caesars very competent legate, Labienus, found himself surrounded by two newly rebelling groups and so needed to move out his troops by stealth. The Gauls under Camulogenus were tricked by his maneuvers and then defeated in a battle where Camulogenus was slain. Labienus then led his men to join Caesar. Meanwhile, Vercingetorix had thousands of cavalry from the Aedui and Segusiani. He sent other troops against the Helvii whom he defeated while he led his mena and allies against the Allobroges. To deal with Vercingetorix attack against the Allobroges, Caesar sent for cavalry and light-armed infantry help from the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine. Vercingetorix decided the time was right to attack the Roman forces whom he judged to be inadequate in number, as well as encumbered with their baggage. The Arverni and allies divided into three groups to attack. Caesar divided his troops in three, too, and fought back, with the Germans obtaining a hilltop formerly in Arverni possession. The Germans pursued the Gallic enemy to the river where Vercingetorix was stationed with his infantry. When the Germans started to kill the Averni, they fled. Many of Caesars enemies were slaughtered, Vercingetorix cavalry was routed, and some of the tribal leaders were captured. Alesia Vercingetorix then led his army to Alesia. Caesar followed, killing those he could. When they reached Alesia, the Romans surrounded the hilltop city. Vercingetorix sent out mounted troops to go to their tribes to round up all those old enough to bear arms. They were able to ride through the places where the Romans hadnt yet completed their fortification. The fortifications were not just a means to contain those within. The Romans put torturous devices on the outside that could injure an army pressing against it. The Romans needed some to gather timber and food. Others worked on building the fortifications, which meant Caesars troop strength was diminished. Because of this, there were skirmishes, although Vercingetorix was waiting for Gallic allies to join him before a full-fledged fight against Caesars army. The Arvernian allies sent fewer than asked, but still, a great number of troops, to Alesia where they believed the Romans would easily be defeated by the Gallic troops on two fronts, from within Alesia and from those newly arriving. The Romans and Germans stationed themselves both inside their fortifications to fight those in the city and outside to fight the newly arriving army. The Gauls from outside attacked at night by throwing things from a distance and alerting Vercingetorix to their presence. The next day the allies came closer and many were injured on the Roman fortifications, so they withdrew. The next day, the Gauls attacked from both sides. A few Roman cohorts left the fortifications and circled round to the rear of the outer enemy whom they surprised and slaughtered when they tried to flee. Vercingetorix saw what had happened and gave up, surrendering himself and his weapons. Later Vercingetorix would be displayed as a prize in Caesars triumph of 46 B.C. Caesar, generous to the Aedui and Arverni, distributed Gallic captives so that every soldier throughout the army received one as plunder. Source: The Gallic Menace in Caesars Propaganda, by Jane F. Gardner Greece Rome  © 1983.

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS - Essay Example Monopoly started a long time ago in the United States and it has since been a core tool to amass wealth in some firms in the world. Many people have constantly accused Google to be using such a monopolistic ideology of exploitation in the market. A monopoly exists when only one firm or person carries out supply of certain goods and services in the market. When such a phenomenon exists in the market, there is no competition in the production of goods and services hence it is very likely that the supplier does not bother about the quality of the products. According to Friedman (208), when the firm is the sole supplier in the market, it has significant powers to add prices of its products since there are no alternative goods or services in the market. Either the size of the business in the market does not matter in monopoly since a small or a big enterprise can possess powers to add prices on their products. Monopolistic firms practically produce small quantities of goods and services i n the markets to create artificial shortage in order to get a chance to hike their prices to realize maximum profits. Monopoly occurs in many forms such as government-established monopoly, natural monopoly and integration monopoly among others and each occurs depending on the prevailing market conditions. Although monopoly is legal and acceptable in the business domain, many governments in the world try to limit the level of monopoly in order to avoid exploitation and enhance competition which result in healthy development of the states. Monopoly law in the United States gained its roots over a century ago because it came with the colonial government. Many historical business experts link the establishment of monopoly in America with King Charles I of England in 1635. Yet this monopoly law has been applicable even in the recent years until the government passed another law to limit monopoly. Monopoly came into existence when the large-scale firms needed to provide labor to the large numbers of immigrants in America in order to promote hospitality in this state. According to Investopedia (Para. 2), the colonial government granted the huge firm contracts for the public works and after colonialism in America, the companies continued with the same policy due to the lands they possessed. One characteristic of monopoly is lack of completion but this system has proved to be very beneficial in the American economy. Therefore, immigration in America and existence of the few large companies led to the existence of monopoly and hospitality was the cause of monopoly. Some people’s minds take Google Company to be monopolistic in nature and some have gone into an extent of analyzing its business structure. Google is one of the best-known dot.com companies in the world because of its large variety of goods and services in the market. Google has provided a good platform for communication, search engines for academic and research purposes and the business solutions that promote better functioning of various businesses across the world. This firm has attracted so many users across all the disciplines such as scholars, office workers, businesspersons among others. Since its establishment, Google has earned large profits between 2001 and 2008 and this has steered the firm’

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 54

Case Study Example In Washington State in particular, tobacco and marijuana have continued to be most widely smoked by youth (Washington State Health Youth Survey, 2011). The percentage of those who smoked everyday decreased gradually between the years 2005 and 2010 from 17.5 percent to 11.0 percent (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). This implied that many people had quit smoking in this period while others had changed from smoking every day to smoking in some days only. The ability to purchase cigarettes is a product of individual income. Tobacco control advocates have seen an increase in the prices of tobacco resulting to a decline in smoking among the population (Shelly, 2010). Taxes are imposed on tobacco products increasing the price of tobacco and hence increase the cost of smoking. This reduces the smoking practice among no income or low-income adults as affordability of tobacco become quite hard (Chaloupka, Straif & Leon, 2011). This could be a reason for people to quit smoking or reduce the rate of smoking. Cigarette smoking among high school seniors declined by a quarter among male students and a half among female students between the years 2001 and 2011 (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The number of people who smoked some days in Washington, increased from 2.4 percent to 4.2 percent. This was not gradual as the number had increased to 5.9 and 5.0 percent between 1995 to 2000, and 2005 respectively (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Because smoking had become expensive between those years, some people may have reduced the frequency at which they smoked from every day to some days. The numbers increase implied that a number of every day smokers and non-smokers had begun to smoke on some days. The percentage of non-smokers in the state had gradually decreased from 29.9 to 25.5 percent between the years 1995 and 2010 (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010).

This is speech class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This is speech class - Assignment Example For example the organization, punctuation and rhythm of the speech, there is merit to be found. The phrasing, pauses and iterations were so conceived as fitting to an oral presentation. In this regard the speech worked well with the large audience at the Capitol Hill. One can witness members of the audience hooting, nodding or clapping in approval during pauses in the speech. The repetitive usage of the phrase â€Å"We, the People...† added a sense of gravity to the delivery, as these were the same words with which the Preamble to the constitution begins. It thus invoked a sense of history and continuity from the time of the Declaration of Independence. When one searches the speech for significant policy measures that would benefit the majority of the population there were hardly any. Platitude after platitude forms a tired old pattern. Allusions to ‘unity’, ‘racial equality’, ‘destiny’, ‘security’, ‘bipartisanship’, etc flow fluidly from the President’s tongue. There was nothing concrete to suggest if any of these sentiments will translate into constructive policy measure for the people. Seen in this view the speech can be termed as uninspiring. Although the tenor of President’s voice was serious and its effect on the audience somewhat dramatic, there is little of substance to the entire 20 minute long address to the nation. President Obama covers foreign and domestic affairs without going into specifics. For instance he says that every child in America should have equal opportunity of success. But, whether this means greater infusion of funds for the public education system and an overall reduction in tuition fee is anybody’s guess. Likewise, Obama talked about creating a conducive environment for businesses. Taken as such it is a benign idea; but if he was implying huge bailouts for corporations out of tax-payer money then it is a bad deal for citizens. The President’s equivocations

Strategic planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic planning - Essay Example Further, innovation is another key factor behind their success. They rapidly developed international stores, built good non-food sales, expanded into retailing services and exploited e-commerce successfully. Tesco executives adopted the street corner strategy (i.e. more Tesco Express convenience stores) as the key to continued growth in core UK sales. This takes advantage of a major shift in food consumption patterns .Tescos sparkling growth has come at the expense of rivals, especially Sainsbury and Safeway, both of whom are battling to keep customers. The other UK supermarkets simply cannot compete on both price and range of different store formats. Tescos UK stores are divided into five formats, differentiated by size and the range of products sold. That is super stores, metros, express, one stop and homes plus. Superstores are large super market, stocking groceries and a much smaller range of non-food goods than Extra stores. Most are located in suburbs of cities or on the edges of large and medium-sized towns. Tesco Metro stores sized between Tesco superstores and Tesco Express stores. They are mainly located in city centres, the inner city. Tesco Express stores are neighbourhood convenience shops, stocking mainly food with an emphasis on higher-margin products alongside everyday essentials. They are found in busy city centre districts, small shopping precincts in residential areas, small towns. One Stop is the only category, which does not include the word Tesco in its name. These are the very smallest stores. They were part of the T&S Stores business but unlike many, which have been converted to Tesco Express; these will keep their old name. Tesco home plus offer all of Tescos ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks Tescos success in recent years has mainly come from expanding overseas, shifting to higher margin non-food merchandise and maintaining a strong UK core business. Its UK success has been built

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Psychology - Essay Example There is an innate urge to acquire satisfaction at the physical and physiological levels. The physical needs of humans are to acquire adequate shelter, food, clothes, education, health, and prosperity. The psychological needs seek to acquire independence and autonomy through the development of various competencies and skills (Bridges, 2004). The humanistic approach argues that individuals strive to use their experiences and circumstances to develop particular beliefs and values. Self development occurs when the individual is able to have confidence in personal feelings and qualities. It is the natural desire of human beings to achieve contentment and realization so that objectives can be met. The formative years help children to develop behaviors and actions that are taken from parents, siblings, friends, and teachers (Bohart, 2001). The child desires to have recognition and appeal so that an inner satisfaction can be generated. Rogers argued that the gaps between the ideal and real conditions create psychological problems. These problems can hinder the mental and physical development of individuals. It creates obstacles that prevent the individual from achieving contentment and satisfaction in life. Implicit memory is a term used to describe the subconscious motivation that helps in the accomplishment of goals and objectives. The subconscious process is guided through individual experiences in a systematic and logical manner. Implicit memory seeks to understand the intrinsic and innate processes that help human beings to perform tasks in an efficient and effective manner (Roediger, 2003). It can be empirically analyzed and assessed by using a psychological technique called priming. This technique introduces test subjects to specific incentives and motivators. The stimulus can either be visual, auditory, or imaginary but it produces the desired result. An individual will be able to perform a task using subconscious processes. This strategy helps individuals in developing a number of skills and competencies. A number of tasks can utilize implicit memory that is beneficial for human beings. The process of reverse reading or completing jigsaw puzzles is examples of implicit memory (Chun, 2000). The individual uses subconscious experiences in order to accomplish such tasks. Other tasks could include processes that require the intricate analysis and assessment of new problems. Explicit memory requires the use of conscious in order to complete certain tasks. It requires high levels of awareness and perception in order to achieve the desired results. However implicit memory utilizes subconscious memories and processes to complete tasks. Reber argued that implicit memory can help individuals to gain satisfaction and contentment with the surrounding environment. It can play a crucial role in the acquisition of complex skills and competencies (Chun & Phelps, 2000). Change Blindness Change blindness refers to situations in which individuals cannot identify modifications and alterations in the visual environment. Barriers and obstacles retard the ability of the human eye to accurately monitor changes in the environment. Visual short term memory (VSTM) can induce change blindness in a number of ways. The human being might make a visual error by failing to accurately record the changes in the en

How the tiger got his stripes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the tiger got his stripes - Assignment Example It also works towards ensuring that the Federal resources and funds are used in an appropriate manner to deter threats, vulnerability, and terror related attacks. Moreover, it develops sound concepts that are relevant to the private sector and the critical infrastructure, making sure to address the cyber, human, and physical considerations that are paramount in the adoption of rational and comprehensive programs (Scheuer, n.d). On the same note, the DHS works jointly with the critical infrastructure stakeholders from the private sector and leads in coordinating a nationwide effort to reduce risks that are related to the country’s infrastructure. It does this by developing and implementing a sound and effective critical infrastructure oriented protection to ensure full protection. It also leads in risk management in order to protect the critical infrastructure against issues such as terrorism. Therefore, it collaborates with partners from the private sector in guaranteeing that they establish a risk management program and plan that is geared towards the protection of information technology, ensuring the continuity of the business, and guarantees maximum security. Finally, the DHS plays a major role in the protection by investing in the development of solid frameworks to enhance preparedness measures for the private sector partners (Scheuer, n.d, pp.

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Psychology - Essay Example There is an innate urge to acquire satisfaction at the physical and physiological levels. The physical needs of humans are to acquire adequate shelter, food, clothes, education, health, and prosperity. The psychological needs seek to acquire independence and autonomy through the development of various competencies and skills (Bridges, 2004). The humanistic approach argues that individuals strive to use their experiences and circumstances to develop particular beliefs and values. Self development occurs when the individual is able to have confidence in personal feelings and qualities. It is the natural desire of human beings to achieve contentment and realization so that objectives can be met. The formative years help children to develop behaviors and actions that are taken from parents, siblings, friends, and teachers (Bohart, 2001). The child desires to have recognition and appeal so that an inner satisfaction can be generated. Rogers argued that the gaps between the ideal and real conditions create psychological problems. These problems can hinder the mental and physical development of individuals. It creates obstacles that prevent the individual from achieving contentment and satisfaction in life. Implicit memory is a term used to describe the subconscious motivation that helps in the accomplishment of goals and objectives. The subconscious process is guided through individual experiences in a systematic and logical manner. Implicit memory seeks to understand the intrinsic and innate processes that help human beings to perform tasks in an efficient and effective manner (Roediger, 2003). It can be empirically analyzed and assessed by using a psychological technique called priming. This technique introduces test subjects to specific incentives and motivators. The stimulus can either be visual, auditory, or imaginary but it produces the desired result. An individual will be able to perform a task using subconscious processes. This strategy helps individuals in developing a number of skills and competencies. A number of tasks can utilize implicit memory that is beneficial for human beings. The process of reverse reading or completing jigsaw puzzles is examples of implicit memory (Chun, 2000). The individual uses subconscious experiences in order to accomplish such tasks. Other tasks could include processes that require the intricate analysis and assessment of new problems. Explicit memory requires the use of conscious in order to complete certain tasks. It requires high levels of awareness and perception in order to achieve the desired results. However implicit memory utilizes subconscious memories and processes to complete tasks. Reber argued that implicit memory can help individuals to gain satisfaction and contentment with the surrounding environment. It can play a crucial role in the acquisition of complex skills and competencies (Chun & Phelps, 2000). Change Blindness Change blindness refers to situations in which individuals cannot identify modifications and alterations in the visual environment. Barriers and obstacles retard the ability of the human eye to accurately monitor changes in the environment. Visual short term memory (VSTM) can induce change blindness in a number of ways. The human being might make a visual error by failing to accurately record the changes in the en

Zoning and Eminent Domain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zoning and Eminent Domain - Research Paper Example These exclusive rights seen to be enjoyed by individual property owners are bestowed on them by the local or regional governing body. The governing bodies like municipalities, local, state and federal governments are responsible for allocating, issuing private property ownership documents and authorizing the uses of such properties. The most valuable private property is land, which acts as the harbor for other properties like water and air. While private property remains an individual’s domain to exercise their use, it is within the powers of the governing bodies that allocate the private properties’ ownership and use to regulate the excesses of utilization of the property. It is also within the governing bodies’ power to give or take away the ownership albeit in a legal manner that can prove the eligibility and legality of the exercise. Differences between Zoning and Eminent Domain Zoning and eminent domain are two procedures that pertain to private property ownership and use contained within the powers of the private property owner and the governing body. The two processes signify the shift of exclusive powers of ownership and use of private property from the individual to the governing bodies. However, the two processes differ. Zoning is a process used to show the extent of governing bodies’ exclusive powers on private property use while eminent domain shows the governing bodies’ extent use of its powers on private property ownership.

The Study Habits of Adult College Students Essay Example for Free

The Study Habits of Adult College Students Essay Abstract: The study habits of adult college students over age 25 were compared to a group of younger students at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. The younger students were matched with the older groups on four characteristics: sex, major field of study, semester credit load, and class standing. All 56 participants were undergraduate students (sophomores or juniors) who were registered for the fall 1982 term. The participants kept running records of their study habits, patterns, and difficulties for an academic year. In general, older and younger students showed similar patterns in terms of how much they studied, what activities were engaged in while studying, the time distribution, and places for studying. There was some evidence that older students studied slightly more per credit hour than did younger students. While the total numbers of difficulties encountered in studying were about the same for both groups, the character of the difficulties was noticeably different. Both older and younger students reacted very favorably to having a mixture of the age groups in their classes. Recommendations for working with adult students and suggestions for further study are offered. Appendices include interview schedules and a study log form. (Author/SW) INTRODUCTION It is an understatement to say that the standard of education in Nigeria has fallen. However, it has been realized that students who possess adequate mental abilities sometimes do not perform well in their academic work either because they do not know how to study effectively or they do not use the most effective method of studying. Many questions have been raised by teachers, parents and students themselves on why students perform so poorly academically. Even the state government has shown some concern over this in recent times by introducing low costs books for both primary and secondary schools. Although this was meant to create the desire to study by students, it has not helped the situation much because, students do not read these books. Many of the students complained of lack of time and conducive environment for study, others who try to study complained of lack of understanding. There is no doubt that these complains evidently point to one fact. That is, lack of effective study habits. It is this problem, the researcher wishes to investigate as it appears to be one of the root causes of the dwelling standard of our educational system today. Research questions: * What proportion of junior secondary school students possess good study habit than those in senior secondary school? * Will male students in junior secondary schools perform better than female students in senior secondary schools? Hypothesis: The following conjectural statements were postulated for this study: * There is no significant difference in the study habits of junior and senior secondary school students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. * There is no significant difference in the study habits of male and female students in junior and senior secondary schools in Egor, Local Government Area of Edo State. * There is no significant difference in the academic performance of male students in the junior secondary schools and female students in Senior Secondary Schools. LITERATURE REVIEW Psychologists as welt as layman have attempted some definitions of the word study. To some of them, study means hard work and is usually associated with school work. To others, study is applicable to other situations in life other than academic work. Mace (2002) pointed out that study is a systematic acquisition of knowledge and an understanding of facts and principles that calls for retention and application. Kelly (1998) stated that study is the application of ones mental capacity to the acquisition, understanding and organization of knowledge; it often involves some form of formal learning. Crow and Crow in Okorodudu (2000) explained that study is a program of subject matter mastery. It involves hard work. However, study involves the individuals thinking, feeling, personality, social interaction, physical activities and health rather than men learning of fact on the thought system for the purpose of recall when asked. For those who belong to the school of thought that study is not only applicable to academic work, Olatubosun in Oladele (2000) explained that a teacher is studying when he examines the results of an experiment, a lawyer when he prepares his case, a salesman when he learns about his product and a citizen when he tries to understand the issues in an upcoming election. Studies require time spent in a deliberate attempt to learn. It should be differentiated from simple leisure to reading. Thomas and Robinson (1990) emphasized that the learner needs to use a systematic discipline and purposive approach to study. Effective study consists of a conscious sequential series of inter-related steps and processes. Okorodudu (1995) asserted that, study involves the total of all behavioral patterns (addition, verbal, psychomotor, emotional) determined purpose and enforced practices that the individual adapts in order to learn and achieve competence.

Nature and Society in The Dharma Bums and Goodbye, Columbus :: Dharma Bums Essays

Nature and Society in The Dharma Bums and Goodbye, Columbus      Ã‚  Ã‚   From its beginning, the literature of the 1960s valued man having a close relationship with nature. Jack Kerouac shows us the ideal form of this relationship in the story of Han Shan, the Chinese poet. At first, these concerns appear to have little relevance to Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth. However, by mentioning Gauguin, Roth gives us a view of man's ideal relationship to nature very similar to the one seen in the story of Han Shan. The stories of Han Shan and Gauguin offer an interesting commentary Neil and Brenda's relationship, as well as insight into its collapse.    From the beginning, 60s literature advocated that man have a close relationship with nature. This is easily seen in Kerouac's The Dharma Bums. In this book, he repeatedly invokes the names of older writers concerned with living a life in harmony with nature. By mentioning such writers as Muir, Thoreau, and Whitman, Kerouac makes a statement about man and nature. The behavior of the characters in the book is in keeping with this environmentalist message. The high points of the book are characterized by a nearness to nature. A good example of this is when Ray and Japhy climb the Matterhorn. The fact that Kerouac peoples his book with characters inspired by people important to the Sixties, such as Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsburg, helps tie these environmental concerns to the decade as a whole.    The most direct example of what Kerouac feels is the ideal relation between man and nature is the story of Han Shan. We are told that Shan is Japhy's hero because he "was a man of solitude who could take off by himself and live purely and true to himself"(Kerouac, The Dharma Bums, 22). By escaping society and living close to nature, he was able to live his life the way the was supposed to. If he had remained in a society in conflict with nature, he would have been twisted and distorted, unable to obtain his true shape. Both Ray and Japhy see reflections of Han Shan in each other.    At first glance, there seems to be little in common between these environmental concerns and Goodbye, Columbus. Nature and Society in The Dharma Bums and Goodbye, Columbus :: Dharma Bums Essays Nature and Society in The Dharma Bums and Goodbye, Columbus      Ã‚  Ã‚   From its beginning, the literature of the 1960s valued man having a close relationship with nature. Jack Kerouac shows us the ideal form of this relationship in the story of Han Shan, the Chinese poet. At first, these concerns appear to have little relevance to Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth. However, by mentioning Gauguin, Roth gives us a view of man's ideal relationship to nature very similar to the one seen in the story of Han Shan. The stories of Han Shan and Gauguin offer an interesting commentary Neil and Brenda's relationship, as well as insight into its collapse.    From the beginning, 60s literature advocated that man have a close relationship with nature. This is easily seen in Kerouac's The Dharma Bums. In this book, he repeatedly invokes the names of older writers concerned with living a life in harmony with nature. By mentioning such writers as Muir, Thoreau, and Whitman, Kerouac makes a statement about man and nature. The behavior of the characters in the book is in keeping with this environmentalist message. The high points of the book are characterized by a nearness to nature. A good example of this is when Ray and Japhy climb the Matterhorn. The fact that Kerouac peoples his book with characters inspired by people important to the Sixties, such as Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsburg, helps tie these environmental concerns to the decade as a whole.    The most direct example of what Kerouac feels is the ideal relation between man and nature is the story of Han Shan. We are told that Shan is Japhy's hero because he "was a man of solitude who could take off by himself and live purely and true to himself"(Kerouac, The Dharma Bums, 22). By escaping society and living close to nature, he was able to live his life the way the was supposed to. If he had remained in a society in conflict with nature, he would have been twisted and distorted, unable to obtain his true shape. Both Ray and Japhy see reflections of Han Shan in each other.    At first glance, there seems to be little in common between these environmental concerns and Goodbye, Columbus.

The Roman Military :: essays research papers fc

The strength of the Roman military was the string that held the Roman Empire together for as long as it lasted. The military was made up of strictly disciplined men whom were ready and willing to serve their emperor. The Legions Outward appearance was extremely important to the Romans and the first thing that new recruits learned was to march in perfect form. Once they knew how to march they were then assigned to the legions in which they would remain for the next 20 years of service. (the book) The legions were made up of between 5000 and 5500 men. In a legion there were 10 Cohorts and in those Cohorts there were 6 Centuries. Auxiliary troops, although not usually counted as part of a legion, were part of a legion and could raise the number of men from around 5000 to 6000. The number of legions active in the empire was consistently between 25 and 33. (internet, http://museum.simplenet.com/rome/military/military.htm) The average year for auxiliaries to serve was 25 years or less. After about 20 years in the legions they â€Å"graduated† to a veteran cohort, and continued service there for about 5 years. The soldiers who completed their 25 years of military service to Rome were given a â€Å"diplomaâ €  made of bronze. It was actually a record of their service throughout the years and a copy was kept in soldier’s files in Rome. (the book) Equipment and Supplies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soldiers were forced to live like turtles, carrying their â€Å"homes† (tents and such) along with them in battle. Their equipment was also a hassle, but protected them well in battle. It consisted of mainly helmets and shields. They also carried personal equipment such as shoes, belts, over garments, etc. A soldier had to carry his weapons and artillery with him as well. He had spears, pilums, and pikes to be heaved at enemies. Pilums are spear like weapons that would be thrown at enemies in an attempt to pierce them through their shields. Gladiuses (swords) and Pugios (daggers) were the common hand held weapons. The Gladius was the perfect weapon for the legions because of their light weight and maneuverability. The Pugio was not only a weapon of war, but also had many common purposes.

Marine Corps Mci Answers Math For Marines Essay

Getting Marine Corps Mci Answers Math For Marines PDF Ebook is easy and simple. Mostly you need to spend much time to search on search engine and doesnt get Marine Corps Mci Answers Math For Marines documents that you need. We are here to serve you, so you can easily access, read and download its. No need to wasting time to lookup on another place to get Marine Corps Mci Answers Math For Marines PDF Ebook. We provide you Marine Corps Mci Answers Math For Marines in PDF format so you can read and download its to your computer which this file are safe and virus free. You can read this document with Adobe Acrobat or other PDF Reader. We have massive collection of documents, books, eBook and pdf files including that you are looking Marine Corps Mci Answers Math For Marines PDF Ebook. To access this you just need to signed up and complete its through website to open your limited access for documents that you needs. So what do you waiting for? Read/Download: MARINE CORPS MCI ANSWERS MATH FOR MARINES PDF You are also possible to search for a book or subject on the digital platform. You can access ebooks on our online library related to the subject, i.e.

Developmentally Appropriate Teaching Strategies

Today’s classrooms are becoming more and more diverse with students that have disabilities and those that come from different cultures. It is important for educators to ensure that their teaching strategies are appropriate for all of the children in their classroom. When it comes to the classroom there can be many cultural challenges that educators will have to address to ensure that all students are growing and developing appropriately. Educators need to make sure that they are capable of addressing each of their students’ needs individually in order for the students to be able to succeed.Educators must be able to define and address any cultural challenges in the classroom in order for each and every one of their students to be successful. It is important for educators to be able to identify challenges they may have when using different teaching strategies to ensure students are getting the appropriate education. Effective teaching strategies help students to learn. Si nce not all children learn in the same ways it is important to be flexible and willing to change a strategy so that it meets everyone’s needs.Some educators may be unsure of their ability to reach and teach culturally diverse children. Some may even express reservations about their ability to teach students that are from a culture that is different from their own (Chisholm, 1994). One challenge involved with ensuring that teaching strategies are appropriate for culturally diverse children is effective communication. Educators must assess their students to see what level of development they are at. Communicating with parents is a great way to learn more about the students as individuals and their cultural background.Teachers can communicate with parents to find out what their goals for their child are, find out more about what their personality is like and even some of their favorite things to do. When educators understand more about each child individually then they can apply the appropriate teaching strategies. If the children seem uninterested in an assignment, the educator can adjust it to get them more interested and willing to complete the assignment. Overcoming stereotyping is a challenge educators can encounter when it comes to ensuring that teaching strategies are appropriate for culturally diverse children.Some educators may compare one child to another child that comes from the same cultural background and use the same teaching strategy. One way to overcome this is to make sure that educators know each of the students individually instead of comparing one to another or relying on stereotyping. â€Å"To truly engage students, we must reach out to them in ways that are culturally and linguistically responsive and appropriate, and we must examine the cultural assumptions and stereotypes we bring into the classroom that may hinder interconnectedness.† (Teaching Tolerance, 1991)Once they know more about each of the students then they can avo id stereotyping and adjust their teaching strategy to meet the individual needs of the students in the classroom. Another challenge educator’s encounter is the cultural gap that is between students and teachers. It is important for educators to understand that some culturally diverse children may need things explained to them in a different way for them to gain an understanding.If educators took the time to learn about the various cultures that are present in their school then they could possibly bridge the cultural gap between them and their students. Educators can learn more about their students culture by asking their students questions and getting to their level in order to gain an understanding of their cultures. Once this is accomplished they will have a better understanding on which teaching strategies to use with the students. People will often use nonverbal communication through behaviors like facial expressions, body language, gestures, etc.These behaviors are viewe d as a sociological framework called symbolic interactionism. Children that come from a different culture will more than likely have different ways of communicating nonverbally. For example, in some cultures it is considered to be disrespectful to look someone in the eye when they are talking to you. Most teachers expect you to look at them when they are talking to you so that they can see that you are paying attention and understand. There are certain behaviors that are associated with different cultures that are considered to be appropriate.â€Å"Although different cultures may share similar goals for children, the methods and practices that are implemented to instill those values in children may differ dramatically. † (Bojcyk, 2012, sec. 2. 2) For example, some cultures believe that children should be seen but not heard. Children that come from a culture that believes that may be more withdrawn and quiet in the classroom. Piaget’s preoperational stage involves child ren from two years old to seven years old. Children in this stage can mentally represent events and objects and engage in symbolic play.They are only able to focus on one aspect of a problem and their thoughts and communications are usually egocentric (Recker, 1999). Children from culturally diverse backgrounds may mentally represent objects and events differently than the other children. It is important for educators to provide children with other views that may conflict with their own in order for them to gain an understanding of others views. Doing this can help them in their development and is an important step in increasing their cognitive development.When educators provide their students with opportunities to work with others, the students will encounter different views of the other students and learn to look at things from someone else’s point of view. â€Å"Although individuals within a pluralistic society must learn to accept their own ethnic identity and to become comfortable with it, they must also learn to function effectively within other ethnic cultures and to respond positively to individuals who belong to other ethnic groups.They also need to learn how to interact with members of outside groups and how to resolve conflicts with them. † (Banks, 2006) Providing children with activities or assignments that allow them to work together with students from different cultural backgrounds can help in teaching them conflict resolution. At the same time they learn to see things from other points of view and this can help increase their cognitive development and ensure they are successful in school.